II. Pedia Sapiens: A Planetary Progeny Comes to Her/His Own Actual Factual Knowledge

C. Earth Learns: Interactive Person/Planet, Self-Organizing, Daily Collaboratiions

Malone, Thomas. Collective Intelligence. www.edge.org/conversation/collective-intelligence. A video and text posting on the edge.org salon from a November 2012 presentation by the MIT management scientist and director of its Center for Collective Intelligence. As many citations herein confirm, it is recognized that human individuals, especially today but through history, abide in group situations, which then take on cognitive attributes (for better or worse) of their own. This occasion is being studied in itself, and to facilitate improved team engagement and actions. Malone alludes that the Internet, via Google and Wikipedia, appears to manifest rudimentary worldwide cerebral abilities.

But within his talk is a fascinating finding. Three factors were are said to aid group intelligence. The first two are a “social perceptiveness” or empathic awareness of the project at hand, and “conversational turn taking” so no one person can rule. But the third and most important, as the quote notes, was the direct relation of cognitive acumen with the number of women members. The more the better, and smartest with all women. Search Anita Woolley for more, could this be the most balanced, bicameral arrangement? The talk closes with advice that a proper witness and avail of such local and global cooperative cognizance, proceeding much on its own, may be the world’s saving resource.

Finally, we found that the collective intelligence of the group was significantly correlated with the percentage of women in the group. More women were correlated with a more intelligent group. Interestingly, this last result is not just a diversity result. It's not just saying that you need groups with some men and some women. It looks like that it's a more or less linear trend. That is, more women are better all the way up to all women. It is also important to realize that this gender effect is largely statistically mediated by the social perceptiveness effect. In other words, it was known before we did our work that women on average scored higher on this measure of social perceptiveness than men.

You might well argue that human intelligence has all along been primarily a collective phenomenon rather than an individual one. Most of the things we think of as human intelligence really arise in the context of our interactions with other human beings. We learn languages. We learn to communicate. Most of our intellectual achievements as humans really result not just from a single person working all alone by themselves, but from interactions of an individual with a culture, with a body of knowledge, with a whole community and network of other humans. I think and I hope that this approach to thinking about collective intelligence can help us to understand not only what it means to be individual humans, but what it means for us as humans to be part of some broader collectively intelligent entity.

Malone, Thomas. Superminds. Grand Haven, MI: Brilliance Publishing, 2019. The author is founding director of the MIT Center for Collective Intelligence. Along with this volume and You Tube presentations he does advise that this enveloping noosphere with its infinity of web linkages should be much smarter than nodal online users and ought achieve its own coherent knowledge. Indeed this may be the only way we can save ourselves. Into 2020, a good example could be the intense, global proliferation of COVID-19 data statistics, complex system analyses, and palliative proposals.

The MIT Center for Collective Intelligence explores how people and computers can be connected so that – collectively – they act more intelligently than any person, group, or computer has ever done before. (cci.mit.edu).

Malone, Thomas, et al. The Collective Intelligence Genome. MIT Sloan Management Review. Spring, 2010. With co-authors Robert Laubacher and Chrysanthos Dellarocas, a report on an MIT Center for Collective Intelligence project that seeks to implement this nascent evolutionary emergence by way of, as the quote states, an equivalent genetic capability. Although not pressed, it implies that our common cognition may indeed take on such a creative identity. Malone, CCI founder-director and MIT management professor, goes on to note in the MIT Spectrum, (Summer 2010), that the “collective brainpower” of a worldwide cerebral consortium, properly accessed and availed, is really our only hope to save earth’s sustaining environment. Search Malone for a 2012 Collective Intelligence conference report.

We define a gene as a particular answer to one of the key questions (What, Who, Why or How) associated with a single task in a collective intelligence system. Like the genes from which individual organisms develop, these organizational genes are the core elements from which collective intelligence systems are built. The full combination of genes associated with a specific example of collective intelligence can be viewed as the “genome” of that system. (22-23)

Malone,, Thomas and Michael Bernstein, eds. Handbook of Collective Intelligence. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2015. The MIT Center for Collective Intelligence director, and a Stanford University computer scientist assemble initial considerations about how animal and human groupings can exhibit a modicum of cognition, learning, and composite knowledge. Chapters are divided into Economic, Biology, Human-Computer, Artificial Intelligence, Psychology, Organizational, and Social domains such as The Wisdom of Crowds by Andrew Lo and Collective Behavior in Animals by Deborah Gordon.

Intelligence does not arise only in individual brains; it also arises in groups of individuals. This is collective intelligence: groups of individuals acting collectively in ways that seem intelligent. In recent years, a new kind of collective intelligence has emerged: interconnected groups of people and computers, collectively doing intelligent things. Today these groups are engaged in tasks that range from writing software to predicting the results of presidential elections. This volume reports on the latest research in the study of collective intelligence, laying out a shared set of research challenges from a variety of disciplinary and methodological perspectives. Taken together, these essays -- by leading researchers from such fields as computer science, biology, economics, and psychology -- lay the foundation for a new multidisciplinary field.

Marien, Michael. The Future of Human Benefit Knowledge: Notes on a World Brain for the 21st Century. Futures. 39/8, 2007. The long time editor of the Future Survey newsletter explores how this concept advocated in the 1930s by H. G. Wells could become a salutary reality in years to come.

Marijuan, Pedro, et al. Scientomics: An Emergent Perspective in Knowledge Organization. Knowledge Organization. 39/3, 2012. Aragon Institute of Health Science, Zaragoza, Spain, bioinformation researchers continue their reconception of cells and societies as most distinguished by a genetic-like communicative and informational quality that is universally recapitulated in each and every evolutionary and organismic instance.

In one of the most important conceptual changes of our times, biology has definitely abandoned its mechanistic hardcore and is advancing “fast and furious” along the informational dimension. Biology has really become an information science; and, as such, it is also inspiring new ways of thinking and new kinds of knowledge paradigms beyond those discussed during past decades. In this regard, a new “bioinformational” approach to the inter-multi-disciplinary relationships among the sciences will beproposed herein: scientomics. Biologically inspired, scientomics contemplates the multifarious interactions between scientific disciplines from the “knowledge recombination” vantage point. In their historical expansion, the sciences would have recapitulated upon collective cognitive dynamics already realized along the evolutionary expansion of living systems, mostly by means of domain recombination processes within cellular genomes, but also occurring neurally inside the “cerebral workspace” of human brains and advanced mammals. Scientomics, understood as a new research field in the domain of knowledge organization, would capture the ongoing processes of scientific expansion and recombination by means of genomic inspired software like in the new field of culturomics. (Abstract)

Marsh, Leslie. Introduction to the Special Issue: “Extended Mind”. Cognitive Systems Research. 11/4, 2010. Articles on this school of thought initiated by Andy Clark and David Chalmers in the late 1990s which is presently spawning much interest that human cognitive faculties go much beyond brains alone, and reach out into bodily, societal, artifactual, and environmental domains.

Massari, Giovanni, et al. Intelligence of Small Groups. arXiv:1909.11051. Six researchers based at the University of North Texas including Bruce West offer a technical inquiry by way of many-body physics and network neuroscience to consider whether human interactive meetings could achieve a collective acumen of their own. By this approach, self-organizing processes are seen to reach phase transitions which reside at a critical poise. As a further measure, in such communicative settings 150 people seem to be an optimum size, which is then noted to confirm Robin Dunbar’s famous number.

Mayer-Kress, Gottfried and Cathleen Barczys. The Global Brain as an Emergent Structure from the Worldwide Computing Network. The Information Society. 11/1, 1995. From a neuroscience perspective, the Internet seems to be developing and functioning in a similar way as a human brain.

Invoking concepts from complexity science, we can view both the cognitive abilities of the biological brain and the problem-solving capabilities of the Global Brain as other levels of capability that emerge from this interconnected system once the system is sufficiently complex. (5) Thus a Global Brain derived from a complex information and communications network composed of people and computers would be able to sense and respond to the world outside that network as well as within that network, with abilities that would be analogous to our brain’s abilities but would surpass them. (8)

Menary, Richard, ed. The Extended Mind. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2010. An effort to gather between covers this academic surmise that mental activities somehow draw upon and exist in somatic, environmental and communal realms beyond the cerebral brain.

Michael, Miller. Cloud Computing. Indianapolis: Que Publishing, 2009. The welling revolution from desktop PCs to remote, vastly interlinked servers, as if “clouds” of computation, will much change the industry. Here is one of the first volumes to explain the lineaments and values of such peer-to-peer, distributed collaboration.

Michel, Jean-Baptiste, et al. Quantitative Analysis of Culture Using Millions of Digitized Books. Science. 331/176, 2011. An interdisciplinary Harvard University team including Martin Nowak, Erez Liberman Aiden, Steven Pinker, and Yuan Kui Shen scope out a project to read all the books at once, as if a collective corpus of worldwide humankind. And it should be noticed that the authors coin an “-omics” term - does this imply it is all somehow “genetic” in instructive kind?

We constructed a corpus of digitized texts containing about 4% of all books ever printed. Analysis of this corpus enables us to investigate cultural trends quantitatively. We survey the vast terrain of ‘culturomics,’ focusing on linguistic and cultural phenomena that were reflected in the English language between 1800 and 2000. We show how this approach can provide insights about fields as diverse as lexicography, the evolution of grammar, collective memory, the adoption of technology, the pursuit of fame, censorship, and historical epidemiology. Culturomics extends the boundaries of rigorous quantitative inquiry to a wide array of new phenomena spanning the social sciences and the humanities. (Abstract)

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