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IV. Ecosmomics: Independent, UniVersal, Complex Network Systems and a Genetic Code-Script Source

4. Universality Affirmations: A Critical Complementarity

Burgess, Mark. On the Scaling of Functional Spaces, From Smart Cities to Cloud Computing. arXiv:1602.06091. Burgess has a doctorate in theoretical physics from the University of Newcastle, and has since become a computer scientist with accomplishments such as Promise Theory, (Google this, also about MB) and more. His latest book is In Search of Certainty: The Science of Our Information Infrastructure (2015). This paper considers how the work of Luis Bettencourt, Geoffrey West, and colleagues about consistent, nested repetitions of complex network systems in all manner of cities and organisms can inform the presence of a true, innate universality. As these findings grow in breadth, depth and veracity, they imply a constant natural recurrence that can be applied in kind to other areas, so as bring needed understandings and improvements going forward. See also his Spacetimes with Semantics postings at arXiv:1411.5563, and 1506.01461.

Universality and scaling are powerful notions in science. Having data about the scaling of functional processes, at large and small N, offers an invaluable insight into what we can expect of technological systems at scale, and their increasing intrusion into human society. Understanding social sciences in terms of laws, analogous to physical law, is an area where progress has been made over the past century. Universality reveals emergent laws, on broad scales. However, a fuller understand of systems, whether human cities, smart cities, computers, or any other human structure, is only achieved by describing both dynamics and semantics at micro- and mesoscopic scales. Just as we cannot understand medicine without understanding the functional roles of structures inside organisms, so the functional organs in a city are key to what it does. The universal scaling arguments for urban areas, in, are exciting discoveries. (36)

Caetano-Anolles, Derek, et al. Evolution of Macromolecular Structure: A ‘Double Tale’ of Biological Accretion.. arXiv:1805.06487. Reviewed more in Common Code, a father, son, and daughter team achieve point out a similar formation process from planets to life's development to urban structures.

Calim, Ali, et al. Chimera States in Hybrid Coupled Neuron Populations. arXiv:2003.01854. Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Turkey, Istanbul Technical University, and University of Granada, Spain biomedical engineers report a sophisticated technical finesse of this common preference for an optimum dual dance in our cerebral cognition.

Chimera state is a recently discovered dynamical system behavior which has attracted an increasing interest, and which is characterized by the coexistence of synchronization and desynchronization within a population of identical dynamical elements. This interesting phenomenon has been studied in a wide range of natural and artificial systems, as well as in neuron populations. (15)

Carra, Giulia and Marc Barthelemy. The Fundamental Diagram of Urbanization. arXiv:1609.06982. By way of our 2016 global vista, French CNRS mathematicians are able to visualize the growth of whole cities to discern universally recurrent patterns. And once again, an independent, prescriptive source is implied.

The recent availability of geolocalized historical data allows to address quantitatively spatial features of the time evolution of urban areas. Here, we discuss how the number of buildings evolves with population and we show on different datasets (Chicago, 1930−2010; London, 1900−2015; New York City, 1790−2013; Paris, 1861−2011) that this curve evolves in a 'universal' way with three distinct phases. After an initial pre-urbanization phase, the first phase is a rapid growth of the number of buildings versus population. In a second regime, where residences are converted into offices and stores, the population decreases while the number of buildings stays approximatively constant. In another subsequent -- modern -- phase, the number of buildings and the population grow again and correspond to a re-densification of cities. (Abstract excerpt)

Castellani, Elena and Sebastian De Haro. Duality, Fundamentality, and Emergence. arXiv:1803.09443. University of Florence and University of Amsterdam philosophers of science work toward a clarified resolve and integration of these conceptual qualities, which as usual requires a better definition of terms.

We argue that dualities offer new possibilities for relating fundamentality, levels, and emergence. Namely, dualities often relate two theories whose hierarchies of levels are inverted relative to each other, and so allow for new fundamentality relations, as well as for epistemic emergence. We find that the direction of emergence typically found in these cases is opposite to the direction followed in the standard accounts. Namely, the standard emergence is that of decreasing fundamentality. But in cases of duality, a more fundamental entity can emerge out of a less fundamental one. This possibility can be traced back to the existence of different classical limits in quantum field theories and string theories. (Abstract)

Castellini, Elena and Dean Rickles. Introduction to Special Issue on Dualities. Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics. 59/1, 2017. University of Florence and University of Sydney philosophers of science survey some dozen papers about nature’s apparent propensity to array into double phases and their altogether trinity. We note Complementarity, Wave-Particle Duality and Applicability by Peter Bokulich, Dualities and Emergent Gravity by Sebastian de Haro, and Duality as a Category-Theoretic Concept by David Corfield. The entry opens with a Yin/Yang Tao image, the ancient icon for this native quality. It is said herein the twoness is a general “elemental/composite” correspondence which forms a third whole. See also a later entry Duality, Fundamentality and Emergence by E. Castellini and S. de Haro above and at arXiv:1803.09443.

Chialvo, Dante. Life at the Edge: Complexity and Criticality in Biological Function. arXiv:1810.11737. The Center for Complex Systems & Brain Sciences, National University of San Martin, Buenos Aires polyphysicist posts his tutorial lecture from June at Jagellonian University, Poland, in cooperation with UNSAM, Argentina. As the Abstract cites, Chialvo (search) has been a leading researcher for two decades of self-organized critical phenomena across nature, especially in cerebral form and function. (I heard Per Bak speak in 2000.) But in this 2018 entry, a deep and wide veracity and synthesis can now be reported. In addition to neural activity, an innate tendency for natural systems such as proteins, microbes and groupings to seek and reach an optimum poise of more or less orderly states is strongly evident. A dynamic duality of conserve/create, control/liberate, segmented/integrated, me entity and We empathy, and ever more, from which complexity, phase transitions and consciousness arise, is found to be a common preference. Yet as I edit this on the day after the US elections, however can it dawn, as it must, that so many 50 – 50 splits are an epitome of this cosmic complementarity?

By virtue of these findings, DC proposes that integrated information theory (Tononi) also resides in a critical balance by which foster consciousness. Now in the worldwise context of this website, a once and future confirmation of universal yang/ying (bigender) principles in a whole Taome is being achieved. See also, for example, Homeostatic Plasticity and Emergence of Functional Networks in a Whole-Brain Model at Criticality Nature Scientific Reports (8/15682) and Growing Critical: Self-Organized Criticality in a Developing Neural Brain at (1811.02861). But in the later 2010s, bereft of any integral reality, political dichotomies remain locked in destructive battle.

Why life is complex and importantly what is the origin of the over abundance of complexity in nature? This is a fundamental scientific question which, paraphrasing the late Per Bak (1946-2002), "is screaming to be answered but seldom is even being asked". In these lectures we review recent attempts across several scales to understand the origins of complex biological problems from the perspective of critical phenomena. To illustrate the approach three cases are discussed, namely the large scale brain dynamics, the characterisation of spontaneous fluctuations of proteins and the physiological complexity of the cell mitochondria network. (Abstract)

The next sections will progressively introduce the problem of complexity and how its origin can be related to critical phenomena. The examples were chosen with the intention to persuade the reader that the same simple laws apply exactly to very different complex phenomena, a notion known in physics as universality. (1) Phase transitions occur in all the matter that surrounds us, and its study has been systematised recently in a great variety of collective phenomena that occur whenever a large number of non-linear elements interact. It is known, for example, that the correlations between the parts that make up a system obey statistically identical rules, regardless of whether the constituent elements are neurons, ants, grains of sand or water molecules. In all cases, the same theory explains how the system is ordered or disordered, what types of collective behavior
can be expected, how stable or unstable they will be, how it can be disturbed etc. The fact that all these disparate phenomena obey the same laws is what is known in physics as universality. (3)

The universality discussed here suggests that the way in which complexity emerges in the example of the magnetization can be seen generically in phase transitions at systems very different from one another. Indeed many examples can be found in the recent literature such as bird flocks, large groups of neurons, stockbrokers, etc. We will discuss three examples including important aspect of cerebral dynamics, as well as proteins and mitochondrial dynamics, all governed by common universal principles. (4) Complexity is Always Critical: The preceding paragraphs summarize one of the lessons of statistical physics: complexity and criticality are almost synonymous: what makes a system complex are exactly the same properties exhibited by a system when it approaches the critical point of an order-disorder phase transition. (4)

It is remarkable how universality allows us to use the exact same framework to study complex phenomena of very different nature and scales, from a culture of few thousand neurons to the entire brain, from a small protein molecule to a network spanning the entire cell. (11)

Chialvo, Dante, et al. Controlling a Complex System near Its Critical Point via Temporal Correlations. Nature Scientific Reports. 10/12145, 2020. Argentine systems neuroscientists along with Dietmar Plenz, NIMH, USA press on with more reasons and evidence that animate phenomena of many kinds from proteins to neural nets does appear to seek and arrive at a best balance of openness to changing environs while sustaining an orderly consistency. So again we ask and wonder that as scientific studies continue to illume a common “sweet spot” between complementary opposites, however might this natural knowledge be applied to human political parties whence presently conserve and create modes are fatally locked in mutual battle?

Many complex systems exhibit large fluctuations both across space and over time. These activities have often been linked to some kind of critical phenomena, where it is well known that the emerging correlation functions in space and time are closely related to each other. Here we test whether time correlation properties allow systems exhibiting a phase transition to self-tune to their critical point. We describe results in three models: the 2D Ising ferromagnetic model, the 3D Vicsek flocking model and a small-world neuronal network model. We demonstrate that feedback from the autocorrelation function shifts the system towards its critical point. Our results rely on universal properties of critical systems and are expected to be relevant to a variety of other settings. (Abstract)

The last decade has witnessed an escalating interest in complex biological phenomena at all levels including macroevolution, neuroscience at different scales, and molecular biology. The observed complexity in nature is often traced to critical phenomena because it resembles the complexity found for critical dynamics in models and theory. However such resemblances are not enough to attribute criticality as the mechanism behind all forms of natural complexity. Even though out of equilibrium generic scale invariance can arise without fine-tuning of control parameters, it is found that biological systems operate in special regions of control parameter space which are critical in the sense that they separate phases of different dynamical behavior. More specifically, it seems that many biological systems reach a “sweet spot” where they attain maximal sensitivity to changes in the environment, while maintaining internal order. (1)

Cocho, Germinal, et al. Rank Diversity of Languages: Generic Behavior in Computational Linguistics. PLoS One. Online April 7, 2016. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México systems scientists including Carlos Gershenson describe self-similar recurrences in literary volumes with regard to how often specific words appear. As a comment, once again a double domain seems evident as even our narrative stories are found to exhibit the same, independent mathematical trace as everywhere else. See also in this journal Universality of Rank-Ordering Distributions in the Arts and Sciences by Gustavo Martinez-Mekler, et al (4/3, 2009). This work and many current papers appear to be closing on an epochal discovery, which has been intimated and sought through history, that some vital, informative source repeats itself as it manifests, genetic-like, in every emergent temporal and spatial realm.

Statistical studies of languages have focused on the rank-frequency distribution of words. Instead, we introduce here a measure of how word ranks change in time and call this distribution rank diversity. We calculate this diversity for books published in six European languages since 1800, and find that it follows a universal lognormal distribution. Based on the mean and standard deviation associated with the lognormal distribution, we define three different word regimes of languages: “heads” consist of words which almost do not change their rank in time, “bodies” are words of general use, while “tails” are comprised by context-specific words and vary their rank considerably in time. The heads and bodies reflect the size of language cores identified by linguists for basic communication. We propose a Gaussian random walk model which reproduces the rank variation of words in time and thus the diversity. (Abstract)

Corbetta, Alessandro and Federico Toschi. Physics of Human Crowds. Annual Review of Condensed Physics. 14/311, 2023. Eindhoven University of Technology system theorists provide a strong, exemplary illustration of how our public lives can also be seen to actually reflect the presence of an independent, common, mathematic program-like source. Yes, people indeed have their own wills, yet going forward, by our 21st century organic revolution it would serve us one and all to be aware of this deeper genetic-like guidance.

Understanding the behavior of human crowds is a key step toward a safer society and more livable cities. Despite the individual variability and will of single individuals, human crowds, from dilute to dense, invariably display a remarkable set of universal features and statistically reproducible behaviors. Here, we review ideas and recent progress in employing the language and tools from physics to develop a deeper understanding about the dynamics of pedestrians. (Abstract)

D’Amico, Guido, et al. A Theory of Taxonomy. arXiv:1611.03890. Physicists Guido, CERN Geneva, and Raul Rabadan, NYU, with biologist Matthew Kleban, Columbia University apply this method of species assortment to detect an invariant pattern across a wide range of natural and social phenomena. Search Didier Fraix-Burnet for a similar array for distributions of galaxies. Whatever does all this mean – might there be a cosmic anatomy and physiology?

A taxonomy is a standardized framework to classify and organize items into categories. Hierarchical taxonomies are ubiquitous, ranging from the classification of organisms to the file system on a computer. Characterizing the typical distribution of items within taxonomic categories is an important question with applications in many disciplines. Ecologists have long sought to account for the patterns observed in species-abundance distributions and computer scientists study the distribution of files per directory. Is there a universal statistical distribution describing how many items are typically found in each category in large taxonomies? Here, we analyze a wide array of large, real-world datasets -- including items lost and found on the New York City transit system, library books, and a bacterial microbiome -- and discover such an underlying commonality. A simple, non-parametric branching model that randomly categorizes items and takes as input only the total number of items and the total number of categories successfully reproduces the abundance distributions in these datasets. (Abstract)

Daniels, Bryan, et al. Criticality Distinguishes the Ensemble of Biological Regulatory Networks. Physical Review Letters. 121/138102, 2018. An ASU based collaboration of BD, Hyunju Kim, Doug Moore, Siyu Zhou, Harrison Smith, Brad Karas, and Sara Walker, along with Stuart Kauffman, achieve a strongest articulation to date of nature’s constant tendency to seek and reach a preferred, optimum poise and balance of archetypal conservative order and liberal creativity states. One is naturally led onto yin and yang, feminine and masculine principles, entity/empathy, fire/love, DNA/AND, brain hemispheres so on everywhere and forever. Each bigender harmony then forms and resides within a tripartite familial genome, quantum, atome, neurome, cosmome, atome and Taome. We gloss, but here and in concurrent 2018 entries is auspicious evidence for an historic, literate discovery of a once and future human uniVerse genesis code. An earlier version, Logic and Connectivity Jointly Determine Criticality in Biological Gene Regulatory Networks, is at arXiv:1805.01447.

The hypothesis that many living systems should exhibit near-critical behavior is well motivated theoretically, and an increasing number of cases have been demonstrated empirically. Here, we provide a first comprehensive survey of criticality across a diverse sample of biological networks, leveraging a database of 67 Boolean models of regulatory circuits, all of which are near critical. We show that criticality in biological networks is not predictable solely from macroscale properties. Instead, the ensemble of real biological circuits is jointly constrained by the local causal structure and logic of each node. In this way, biological regulatory networks are more distinguished from random networks by their criticality. (Abstract excerpt)

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