III. Ecosmos: A Revolutionary Fertile, Habitable, Solar-Bioplanet, Incubator Lifescape

5. ExoUniverse Studies: Detectable Presence, Conceptual Features

Kanno, Sugumi. Cosmological Implications of Quantum Entanglement in the Multiverse. Physics Letters B. 751/316, 2015. A paper by the University of the Basque Country physicist (see bio below) whose website cites her work as a quest for “observational signatures of the multiverse.” A further note is Quantum Entanglement in the Multiverse in the online journal Universe (March 2017). But its import for us is our amazing worldwise abilities to just now to consider and quantify entire cosmoses. We peoples must surely have some grand procreative relevance and purpose for the fate and future of this very universe.

We explore the cosmological implications of quantum entanglement between two causally disconnected universes in the multiverse. We first consider two causally separated de Sitter spaces with a state which is initially entangled. We derive the reduced density matrix of our universe and compute the spectrum of vacuum fluctuations. We then consider the same system with an initially non-entangled state. We find that scale dependent modulations may enter the spectrum for the case of initially non-entangled state due to quantum interference. This gives rise to the possibility that the existence of causally disconnected universes may be experimentally tested by analyzing correlators in detail. (Abstract)

Sugumi Kanno I received Ph.D. in physics from Kyoto University in March 2006. When I was in Kyoto, I worked on braneworld cosmology. In April 2006, I moved to McGill University as a postdoc. Then, I studied string cosmology. In April 2008, I became a postdoc at Kavli IPMU, University of Tokyo, where I initiated a study of anisotropic inflation motivated by supergravity. In October 2008, I moved to Durham University as a research associate. There, I worked on holographic superconductors. In October 2010, I moved to Tufts University as a research associate. I initiated a study of bubble nucleation and also tried to apply Gauge/Gravity duality to cosmology. In October 2013, I moved to University of Cape Town as a postdoc. I initiated a study of quantum entanglement in the Multiverse. In October 2014, I became an Ikerbasque researcher at the university of the Basque Country.

Kartvelishvili, Guram, et al. Self-Organized Critical Multiverse. arXiv:2003.12594. As nature’s phenomenal propensity to seek and reside at an optimum, complementary balance between certain particle/wave, conserve/create, me/We states gains notice everywhere, University of Pennsylvania astrophysicists including Justin Khoury scope out ways to detect its effect on this vast expanse. After citations of its wide presence (see quotes), a review of deep parameters from an inflationary start to now are seen to express such a nonlinear poise. In wider regard, as human beings are lately assaulted is so many ways, at the same while a worldwise intelligence discovers a multiUniVerse to EarthVerse of a bipartite, bigender code. As the website documents, this source code seems to be genetic in actual kind as a vital endowment. See also Dynamical Criticality and Higgs Metastability by JK at 1912.06706 and Search Optimization, Funnel Tomography, and Dynamical Criticality on the String Landscape by JK and Onkar Farrikar at 1907.07693. We post several quotes in support

Recently a dynamical selection mechanism for vacua based on search optimization was proposed in the context of false-vacuum eternal inflation on the landscape. The search algorithm is optimal in regions of the landscape where the dynamics are tuned at criticality, with de Sitter vacua having an average lifetime of order their Page time. The purpose of this paper is to shed light on the nature of the dynamical phase transition at the Page lifetime. Through a change of variables the master equation governing the comoving volume of de Sitter vacua is mapped to a stochastic equation for coupled overdamped stochastic oscillators . We show that the displacement fluctuations for the oscillators exhibit a 1/f power spectrum over a broad range of frequencies. A 1/f power spectrum is a hallmark of non-equilibrium systems at criticality. In analogy with neuronal avalanches in the brain, de Sitter vacua at criticality can be thought of as undergoing scale invariant volume fluctuation avalanches. (Abstract excerpt)

The discovery that string theory admits a vast landscape of metastable vacua, together with the mechanism of eternal inflation for dynamically populating these vacua, has led to a paradigm shift in our understanding of fundamental physics. It entails that statistical physics, possibly in conjunction with selection (anthropic) effects, played a role in determining the physical parameters of our universe. Like many other statistical systems, it is natural to expect that the multiverse can exhibit phase transitions. Indeed, it has been shown recently that certain regions of the landscape display non-equilibrium critical phenomena, in the sense that their vacuum dynamics are tuned at dynamical criticality. (1)

Non-equilibrium systems exhibiting 1/f fluctuation spectra are ubiquitous in nature. Examples include neuronal dynamics, heart beat variability, linguistics (Zipf’s law), economic time series (stock market prices), music and art. Thus, complex behavior appears intimately related to dynamical criticality. This has motivated the tantalizing idea of self-organizing criticality. While the subject is not without controversy, it is worth noting that our framework satisfies what are believed to be necessary conditions for self-organized criticality — our landscape region is out-of-equilibrium, open/dissipative, and slowly-driven. (3)

Complex self-organized systems poised at criticality are ubiquitous in the natural world. This has led to the conjecture that dynamical criticality is evolutionarily favored because it offers an ideal trade-off between robust response to external stimuli and flexibility of adaptation to a changing environment. In a forthcoming paper we will study another advantage of dynamical criticality, namely enhanced computational capabilities. Indeed, it has been argued that complex systems maximize their computational capabilities at the phase transition between stable and unstable dynamical behavior — the so-called “edge of chaos”. For instance, cellular automata with certain critical dynamical rules are capable of universal computation, exhibiting long-lived and complex transient structures. (9-10)

Khanpour, Mehrdad and Ebrahim Yusofi. Ultra-Dense Regions in the Cosmic Fluid as a Source of Accelerating Universe. arXiv:1709.08612. We note this entry by Islamic Azad University, Iran, astrophysicists both for its considerations of whole universe properties, and as a 21st century inkling of an Islamic recovery, a millennium later, of their grand heritage of wise cosmological philosophy.

By assumption of existence of some ultra-dense regions in the real cosmic fluid, we try to explain the accelerated expansion in both early and present universe. By use of the leading terms in the virial expansion for the equation of state in the FRLW framework, in the form of Pc2=wρ+Bρ2, we are able to solve the Friedmann equations analytically. Then, we obtain alternative relations for the energy density and scale factor evolution that will coincide with the conventional result in the non-virial limit of cosmic fluid. Also, the model is able to justify the quantum foam-like regions in the very early universe before the cosmic inflation. (Abstract)

Langhoff, Kevin, et al. The Multiverse in an Inverted Island. arXiv:2016.05271. In the last two decades we have learned a lot about the origin of spacetime in quantum gravity. (1) We cite this entry by UC Berkeley physicists including Yasunori Nomura, Director of the Berkeley Center for Theoretical Physics, as a example of 21st century collaborative advances which now seem able to consider and quantify an infinite expanse of spatial and temporal macro-cosmoses. We also note that everyone in the 87 references is a man. But if we might shift to a bicameral, philoSophia view, and a consequent phenomenal, self-creative organic genesis, then we inquisitive Earthlings, one and all, can gain an micro-cosmic functional significance by virtue of such achievements

We study the redundancies in the global spacetime description of the eternally inflating multiverse using the quantum extremal surface prescription. We argue that a sufficiently large spatial region in a bubble universe has an entanglement island surrounding it. Consequently, the semiclassical physics of the multiverse can be fully described by the fundamental degrees of freedom associated with certain finite spatial regions. The island arises due to mandatory collisions with collapsing bubbles.. The emergence of the island and the resulting reduction of independent degrees of freedom provides a regularization of infinities which caused the cosmological measure problem. (Abstract excerpt)

Lee, Gain. et al. Understanding the Formation and Evolution of Dark Galaxies in a Simulated Universe. arXiv:2401.07007. We record this paper by Korean astrophysicists as a 2024 example on this site of the current reach and depth of our Earthuman collaborative intelligence. By a philoSophia view, it seems that we Earthlings have innate abilities to carry out a vital task to numerically and textually quantify, describe, record and affirm an ecosmic existence and futurity. As newly enhanced by AI deep neural learning methods, this worldwide project is in early planning stages. In this subject regard, it seems that our individual and collective faculties, truly a global work space, can imagine, study and conjure whole universes. Whomever are we all to be able to do this?

We study the formation and evolution of dark galaxies using the IllustrisTNG cosmological hydrodynamical simulation. We find that at the present epoch (z=0), dark galaxies are located in void regions without star-forming gas. Our results suggest that dark galaxies tend to be formed in less dense regions, and could not form stars because of heating from cosmic reionization. This study based on numerical simulations can provide important hints for validating dark galaxy candidates in observations and for constraining galaxy formation models. (Excerpts)

Li, Changhong, et al. Big Bounce Genesis. arXiv:1403.5625. This model of cosmological origins by way of serially expiring and reinflating universes has been a theoretical option for some time. It was updated in the mid 2000s by the McGill University coauthor Robert Brandenberger, and now receives a further finesse with Li and Yeuk-Kwan Cheung of Nanjing University. For companion papers see The Matter Bounce Alternative to Inflationary Cosmology by RB at 1206.4196, second Abstract, Bouncing Cosmologies: Progress and Problems at 1603.05834, Big Bounce Genesis and Possible Experimental Tests at 1611.04027, and Tracing Primordial Black Holes in Nonsingular Bouncing Cosmology at 1609.02571. A natural philosophy view wonders how fantastic is it that collaborative human beings can begin to quantify and contemplate entire cosmoses. Surely there must be a significance and purpose for we peoples to be able to learn this.

We report on the possibility to use dark matter particle's mass and its cross section as a smoking gun signal of the existence of a Big Bounce at the early stage in the evolution of our currently observed universe. A model independent study of dark matter production in the pre-bounce contraction and the post-bounce expansion epochs of the bounce universe reveals a new venue for achieving the observed relic abundance of our present universe, in which a significantly smaller amount of dark matter with a smaller cross section -- as compared to the prediction of Standard Cosmology -- is produced and carries the information about the bounce universe evolution. Once the values of dark matter mass and cross section are obtained by direct detection in laboratories, this alternative route becomes a signature of the bounce universe scenario. (Abstract)

A bouncing cosmology with an initial matter-dominated phase of contraction during which scales which are currently probed with cosmological observations exit the Hubble radius provides a mechanism alternative to inflation for producing a nearly scale-invariant spectrum of cosmological perturbations. In this review article I first discuss the evolution of cosmological fluctuations in the matter bounce scenario, and then discuss various attempts at realizing such a scenario. (RB Abstract)

Linde, Andrei. A Brief History of the Multiverse. arXiv:1512.01203. The Russian-American physicist, based at Stanford University for many years, provides a succinct, fascinating chronicle of inflationary theories and the string-multiverse scenario since their 1980s advent. I had the privilege of hearing Linde’s first public lecture in the US in September 1983 at Harvard University about fractally self-reproducing bubble cosmoses. This conceptual model has been refined with many colleagues, especially Alan Guth, his wife Renate Kallosh, Alexei Starobinsky and others, to this day. Search all these names for more postings. In fact, the model has held up well over three decades, lately informed by BICEPS project findings. And again it amazes that collaborative human beings on an infinitesimal world can achieve such infinite imaginations. As Russia and America still confront each other, might we at last think to ask for what phenomenal purpose and discovery can we peoples do this.

Linde, Andrei. Universe or Multiverse?. carnegiescience.edu/events/lectures/universe-or-multiverse. A Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington public lecture to be given on June 27, 2019 by the Russian-American Stanford University astrophysicist and 1980s co-founder with Alan Guth of inflationary theory. (Search AL for recent verifications via the Planck satellite and more.) We also cite for its notable perception of multiple cosmoses. (I heard Andrei give his first public lecture in the US in 1983 at Harvard where he used overheads of fractal bubbling cosmoses, so he remains much on message.)

Cosmological observations show that on the largest scales accessible to our telescopes, the universe is very uniform, and the same laws of physics operate in all the parts of it that we can see. Rather paradoxically, the theory that explains this uniformity also predicts that on extremely large scales, the situation may look totally different. Instead of being a single spherically symmetric balloon, our universe may look like a multiverse—a collection of many different exponentially large balloons with different laws of physics operating in each. In the beginning, this picture looked more like a piece of science fiction than a scientific theory. However, recent developments in inflationary cosmology, particle physics, and string theory provide strong evidence supporting this new cosmological paradigm.

Linde, Andrei and Vitaly Vanchurin. How Many Universes are in the Multiverse? Physical Review D. 81/083525. 2010. Stanford University cosmologists offer mathematical and physical considerations to date about the presence and proliferation of universes. In the 1980s Linde was famously with Alan Guth an original conceiver of an inflationary cosmic origin, which seems to be holding its own by way of the latest Planck space telescope. A further interest here is an emphatic endorsement of the need for participant observers to record and bring a cosmos into full existence.

We argue that the total number of distinguishable locally Friedmann universes generated by eternal inflation is proportional to the exponent of the entropy of inflationary perturbations and is limited by the number of e-folds of slow-roll post-eternal inflation. We discuss the possibility that the strongest constraint on the number of distinguishable universes may be related not to the properties of the multiverse but to the properties of observers. (Abstract)

One of the implications of this result is that one can talk about the evolution of the universe only with respect to an observer. In the limit when the mass of the observer vanishes, the rest of the universe freezes in time. In this sense, the number of distinct observable histories of the universe is bounded from above by the total number of the histories that can be recorded by a given observer. (9) Potentially, it may become very important that when we analyze the probability of existence of a universe of a given type, we should be talking about a consistent pair: the universe and an observer who makes the rest of the universe “alive” and the wave function of the rest of the universe time-dependent. (9)

Linder, Eric and David Polarski. The End of Cosmic Growth. arXiv:1810.10547. UC Berkeley and University of Montpellier, France cosmologists proceed to quantify and propose by way of mathematical graphs a past, present and future of this entire universe. We note the achievement in itself, and also how ever fantastic is it that a collaborative species on an infinitesimal globe can in a few decades be able to consider, describe and learn all about such infinite reaches. It would appear that humankinder has some phenomenal cosmic identity and purpose if only me with We could come to our senses.

The growth of large scale structure is a battle between gravitational attraction and cosmic acceleration. We investigate the future behavior of cosmic growth under both general relativity (GR) and modified gravity during prolonged acceleration, deriving analytic asymptotic behaviors and showing that gravity generally loses and growth ends. We also note the `why now' problem is equally striking when viewed in terms of the shut down of growth. For many models inside GR the gravitational growth index γ also shows today as a unique time between constant behavior in the past and a higher asymptotic value in the future. Interestingly, while f(R) models depart in this respect dramatically from GR today and in the recent past, their growth indices are identical in the asymptotic future and past. (Abstract)

Loeb, Abraham. On the Habitability of Our Universe. arXiv:1606.08926. The Harvard astronomer continues his imaginations about intelligent life, cosmoses and human concerns in a posting to appear in a Consolidation of Fine Tuning volume (search). Some 52 pages with 255 references set the scene with regard to early conditions for life, carbon enhanced, metal poor stars, water occurrence and planetary metallicity, an anthropic cosmological constant, and likelihood of life over cosmic time. See also arXiv:1606.08448 by Loeb with Rafael Batista and David Sloan for a companion paper.

Is life most likely to emerge at the present cosmic time near a star like the Sun? We consider the habitability of the Universe throughout cosmic history, and conservatively restrict our attention to the context of "life as we know it" and the standard cosmological model, LCDM. The habitable cosmic epoch started shortly after the first stars formed, about 30 Myr after the Big Bang, and will end about 10 Tyr from now, when all stars will die. We review the formation history of habitable planets and find that unless habitability around low mass stars is suppressed, life is most likely to exist near 0.1 solar mass stars ten trillion years from now. Spectroscopic searches for biosignatures in the atmospheres of transiting Earth-mass planets around low mass stars will determine whether present-day life is indeed premature or typical from a cosmic perspective. (Abstract)

Marosek, Konrad, et al. Cyclic Multiverses. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. Online July, 2016. As the Abstract details, Marosek, with Mariusz Dabrowski and Adam Balcerzak, University of Szczecin Cosmology Group theorists, postulate dynamic cosmoses across infinite space and time by way of singularities bubbling and bouncing in and out of existence. To reflect, in his epic Cosmos series Carl Sagan (1934-1996) notes that his Polish grandfather never left his little hamlet, while his grandson can tour far galaxies. Circa 2016 how fantastic is it that Earthly intellects can expand to multiUniVerse infinities. Surely there must be a reason for phenomenal humanity to be able to comprehend such vistas, some grand discovery relative to the fate and future of the whole self-chosen cosmos.

Using the idea of regularisation of singularities due to the variability of the fundamental constants in cosmology we study the cyclic universe models. We find two models of oscillating and non-singular mass density and pressure ("non-singular" bounce) regularised by varying gravitational constant G despite the scale factor evolution is oscillating and having sharp turning points ("singular" bounce). Both violating (big-bang) and non-violating (phantom) null energy condition models appear. Then, we extend this idea onto the multiverse containing cyclic individual universes with either growing or decreasing entropy though leaving the net entropy constant. In order to get an insight into the key idea, we consider the doubleverse with the same geometrical evolution of the two "parallel" universes with their physical evolution (physical coupling constants c(t) and G(t)) being different. An interesting point is that there is a possibility to exchange the universes at the point of maximum expansion -- the fact which was already noticed in quantum cosmology. (Abstract)

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