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A Sourcebook for the Worldwide Discovery of a Creative Organic Universe
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IV. Ecosmomics: Independent, UniVersal, Complex Network Systems and a Genetic Code-Script Source

3. Iteracy: A Rosetta Ecosmos Textuality

Esposti, Mirko, et al, eds. Creativity and Universality in Language. Switzerland: Springer International, 2016. In a Lecture Notes in Morphogenesis series, European systems linguists Esposti with coeditors Eduardo Altmann and Francois Pachet report creative consistencies across literary media, broadly conceived, which are then seen to have affinities to physical realms. Some chapters are Statistical Laws in Linguistics, Complexity and Universality in the Long-Range Order of Words, and Computational Approaches to Human Creativity.

This book collects research contributions concerning quantitative approaches to characterize originality and universality in language. Creativity might be considered as a morphogenetic process combining universal features with originality. While quantitative methods applied to text and music reveal universal features of language and music, originality is a highly appreciated feature of authors, composers, and performers. In this framework, the different methods of traditional problems of authorship attribution and document classification provide important insights on how to quantify the unique features of authors, composers, and styles. Such unique features contrast, and are restricted by, universal signatures, such as scaling laws in word-frequency distribution, entropy measures, long-range correlations, among others. Innovation in language becomes relevant when it is imitated and spread to other speakers and musicians. Modern digital databases provide new opportunities to characterize and model the creation and evolution of linguistic innovations on historical time scales, a particularly important example of the more general problem of spreading of innovations in complex social systems.

Ferrer, Ramon, et al. Universality in Syntactic Dependency Networks. Santa Fe Insititute Working Papers. 03-06-042, 2003. The statistical physics of complex networks is applied to various diverse languages to reveal non-trivial patterns such as the small world phenomenon, scaling in the distribution of degrees, which are seen as emergent traits. The website to access these Papers is: www.santafe.edu/sfi/publications.

Our results strongly suggest that existent languages might belong to the same universality class as it is defined in physics. (Abstract)

Ferrer-i-Cancho, Ramon. Statistical Patterns of Human Language in Other Species. Kyoto.evolang.org. (click on Program, then Workshop Proceedings Download) In a paper presented at the 9th international Conference on the Evolution of Language, Kyoto, March 2012, a Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, (BarcelonaTech), mathematical linguist draws upon a flurry of recent research to reach this grand finding. In addition to every other proportional continuity across Metazoan species and their evolutionary lineage, the same communicative process, in whatever chirp, whistle, grunt, syntactic mode is involved, is instantiated throughout. For a conference summary, see Biology: A Newcomer in Linguistics by Lluis Barcelo-Coblijn in Biological Theory, October, 2012. Could this be, one might add, a singular endeavor for cosmos and life to learn to articulate itself?

Here we will review these discoveries and present the abstract principles of organization that have been put forward to explain their universality beyond human language. (68) In sum, statistical patterns of language offer new prospects for comparative research among species and ground-breaking directions in the quest for true universals of communication and behavior across species. (69) (EvoLang9)

Formentin, Marco, et al. Hidden Scaling Patterns and Universality in Written Communication. arXiv:1311.3601. Posted November, 2013, University of Padova, Dipartimento di Fisica “Galileo Galilei,” contribute to the ready application of the methods of statistical physics to everywhere else across nature and society, in this case even our daily discourse. It is worth noting how often the term “universality” is used nowadays, which would please Galileo for these quantifications indeed imply a mathematical source guiding creation, life, and our human sojourn. For a similar example, see “Of Mice and Men – Universality and Breakdown of Behavioral Organization” by Toru Nakamura, et al in PLoS One (3/4, 2008).

The temporal statistics exhibited by written correspondence appear to be media dependent, with features which have so far proven difficult to characterize. We explain the origin of these difficulties by disentangling the role of spontaneous activity from decision-based prioritizing processes in human dynamics, clocking all waiting times through each agent's `proper time' measured by activity. This unveils the same fundamental patterns in written communication across all media (letters, email, short-text messages), with response times displaying truncated power-law behavior and average exponents near -3/2. When standard time is used, the response time probabilities are theoretically predicted to exhibit a bi-modal character, which is empirically borne out by our new years-long data on email. These novel perspectives on the temporal dynamics of human correspondence should aid in the analysis of interaction phenomena in general, including resource management, optimal pricing and routing, information sharing, emergency handling. (Abstract)

Frahm, Klaus and Dima Shepelyansky. Poisson Statistics of PageRank Probabilities of Twitter and Wikipedia Networks. European Physical Journal B. 87/93, 2014. We use this posting by University of Toulouse theorists to gather some papers that convey how quantum phenomena are being found across every natural and social realm, such as “integrable quantum systems” akin to Google dynamics. See also Highlighting Entanglement of Cultures via Ranking of Multilingual Wikipedia Articles by Young-Ho Eom and Shepelyansky (PLoS One), Google Matrix of the Citation Network of Physical Review by Frahm, Eom, Shepelyansky, (Physical Review E), Google Matrix Analysis of C.elegans Neural Network by Vivek Kandiah and Shepelyansky ( Europhysics Letters), and Google Matrix Analysis of DNA Sequences by Kandiah and Shepelyanksy (PLoS One, second quote).

We use the methods of quantum chaos and Random Matrix Theory for analysis of statistical fluctuations of PageRank probabilities in directed networks. In this approach the effective energy levels are given by a logarithm of PageRank probability at a given node. After the standard energy level unfolding procedure we establish that the nearest spacing distribution of PageRank probabilities is described by the Poisson law typical for integrable quantum systems. Our studies are done for the Twitter network and three networks of Wikipedia editions in English, French and German. We argue that due to absence of level repulsion the PageRank order of nearby nodes can be easily interchanged. The obtained Poisson law implies that the nearby PageRank probabilities fluctuate as random independent variables. (Abstract, this paper)

For DNA sequences of various species we construct the Google matrix G of Markov transitions between nearby words composed of several letters. The statistical distribution of matrix elements of this matrix is shown to be described by a power law with the exponent being close to those of outgoing links in such scale-free networks as the World Wide Web (WWW). The spectrum of G is characterized by a large gap leading to a rapid relaxation process on the DNA sequence networks. We introduce the PageRank proximity correlator between different species which determines their statistical similarity from the view point of Markov chains. Our results establish scale-free features of DNA sequence networks showing their similarities and distinctions with the WWW and linguistic networks. (Abstract, K & S)

Fushing, Hsieh, et al. Lewis Carroll’s Doublets Net of English Words: Network Heterogeneity in a Complex System. PLoS One. December,, 2014. UC Davis, and Amsterdam University linguists find written scripts such as this classic work to manifest the same innate geometries and dynamics as everywhere else. May we then surmise that cosmic to human nature is wholly literal and narrative in kind, an edifying genetic testament going forward if we could learn to read?

Lewis Carroll's English word game Doublets is represented as a system of networks with each node being an English word and each connectivity edge confirming that its two ending words are equal in letter length, but different by exactly one letter. We show that this system, which we call the Doublets net, constitutes a complex body of linguistic knowledge concerning English word structure that has computable multiscale features. Distributed morphological, phonological and orthographic constraints and the language's local redundancy are seen at the node level. Phonological communities are seen at the network level. And a balancing act between the language's global efficiency and redundancy is seen at the system level. Because the Doublets net is a modular complex cognitive system, the community geometry and computable multi-scale structural information may provide a foundation for understanding computational learning in many systems whose network structure has yet to be fully analyzed. (Abstract)

Ga, Jianquao, et al. Cross-Language Differences in the Brain Network Subserving Intelligible Speech. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112/2972, 2015. Through sophisticated experimentation not possible earlier, neuroscientists across China, with a University College London colleague, find a definitive difference between Western nontonal and Eastern tonal languages. While alphabet-based speech is referred mostly to the left hemisphere, an idiographic mode employs left side processing along with a right hemisphere prosodic, rhythmic input for a fuller comprehension.

How is language processed in the brain by native speakers of different languages? Is there one brain system for all languages or are different languages subserved by different brain systems? The first view emphasizes commonality, whereas the second emphasizes specificity. We investigated the cortical dynamics involved in processing two very diverse languages: a tonal language (Chinese) and a nontonal language (English). We used functional MRI and dynamic causal modeling analysis to compute and compare brain network models exhaustively with all possible connections among nodes of language regions in temporal and frontal cortex and found that the information flow from the posterior to anterior portions of the temporal cortex was commonly shared by Chinese and English speakers during speech comprehension, whereas the inferior frontal gyrus received neural signals from the left posterior portion of the temporal cortex in English speakers and from the bilateral anterior portion of the temporal cortex in Chinese speakers.

Our results revealed that, although speech processing is largely carried out in the common left hemisphere classical language areas (Broca’s and Wernicke’s) and anterior temporal cortex, speech comprehension across different language groups depends on how these brain regions interact with each other. Moreover, the right anterior temporal cortex, which is crucial for tone processing, is equally important as its left homolog, the left anterior temporal cortex, in modulating the cortical dynamics in tone language comprehension. The current study pinpoints the importance of the bilateral anterior temporal cortex in language comprehension that is downplayed or even ignored by popular contemporary models of speech comprehension. (Abstract)

Gallego, Angel and Roman Orus. The Physical Structure of Grammatical Correlations. arXiv:1708.01525. In this late 2010s scientific rehab of a truly whole cosmos, which must be one, a University of Barcelona linguist and a Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz physicist find another way join human literature within natural phenomena. As a result, via technical flourishes, language systems gain a “legitimacy, universality and optimality,” which by turns implies an innate textual, cosmic narrative.

In this paper we consider some well-known facts in syntax from a physics perspective, which allows us to establish some remarkable equivalences. Specifically, we observe that the operation MERGE put forward by N. Chomsky in 1995 can be interpreted as a physical information coarse-graining. Thus, MERGE in linguistics entails information renormalization in physics, according to different time scales. We make this point mathematically formal in terms of language models, i.e., probability distributions over word sequences, widely used in natural language processing as well as other ambits. The probability vectors of meaningful sentences are naturally given by tensor networks (TN) that are mostly loop-free. Moreover, using tools from quantum information and entanglement theory, we use these quantum states to prove classical lower bounds on the perplexity of the probability distribution for a set of words in a sentence. Implications of these results are discussed in the ambits of theoretical and computational linguistics, artificial intelligence, programming languages, RNA and protein sequencing, quantum many-body systems, and beyond. (Abstract)

Gnanadesikan, Amalia. The Writing Revolution: Cuniform to the Internet. West Sussex, UK: Wiley Blackwell, 2009. A Holy Family University (Philadelphia) linguist surveys the many, variegated ways by which this genesis cosmos has tried to achieve its own textual description, which now might take on a salutary global dimension unto a momentary self-realization.

Gong, Tao, et al. Evolutionary Linguistics: Theory of Language in an Interdisciplinary Space. Language Sciences. 41/243, 2014. Gong, Hong Kong University, with Lan Shuai, Johns Hopkins University, and Bernard Comrie, MPI for Evolutionary Anthropology, affirm from this deep perspective a continuous tandem ascent of compositionality (component, word, sign) and their common regularity. These “universalities” are seen to reveal a “recapitulation” in kind between primate to human literacy and how a child learns to speak and read. To reflect, might it seem that life’s long course could be seen as a genesis universe’s way of trying articulate and discover itself, i.e. to decipher its own script?

This paper revisits the key questions in current thinking in evolutionary linguistics, reviews the alleged stages during language evolution, and evaluates the mainstream hypotheses on language emergence, namely innatism and emergentism. We summarize both the supporting and opposing arguments for these hypotheses and evaluate two scenarios respectively following these hypotheses. As we will show, many of these arguments require an interdisciplinary collaboration between linguistics and other disciplines such as cognitive sciences, psychology, neuroscience, genetics, animal behaviors, and computer simulation, which illustrates the interdisciplinary nature of evolutionary linguistics and highlights the opportunities for future engagement of our discipline. (Abstract)

Grabska-Gradzinska, Iwona, et al. Complex Network Analysis of Literary and Scientific Texts. International Journal of Modern Physics C. Online May, 2012. In this journal of “Computational Physics and Physical Computation,” with coauthors Andrzej Kulig, Jaroslaw Kwapien (search), and Stanislaw Drozdz, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, researchers continue to articulate the intrinsic dynamical nature of humankind’s textual script. Whatever the local dialect an underlying commonality seems to characterize, which one may note is just the same as used to describe a generative genome. The paper is available in full on arXiv.

We present results from our quantitative study of statistical and network properties of literary and scientific texts written in two languages: English and Polish. We show that Polish texts are described by the Zipf law with the scaling exponent smaller than the one for the English language. We also show that the scientific texts are typically characterized by the rank-frequency plots with relatively short range of power-law behavior as compared to the literary texts. We then transform the texts into their word-adjacency network representations and find another difference between the languages. For the majority of the literary texts in both languages, the corresponding networks revealed the scale-free structure, while this was not always the case for the scientific texts. However, all the network representations of texts were hierarchical. We do not observe any qualitative and quantitative difference between the languages. However, if we look at other network statistics like the clustering coefficient and the average shortest path length, the English texts occur to possess more clustered structure than do the Polish ones. This result was attributed to differences in grammar of both languages, which was also indicated in the Zipf plots. (Abstract)

Natural language is an evolving system whose present structure can doubtlessly be considered a product of long history of self-organization. Like for many other self organized systems known in Nature, the observables associated with language, being, for example, written texts or spoken messages, reveal quite sophisticated dynamics. Any language sample by no means is an amorphous mixture of symbols (letters, phonemes, morphemes, words, etc.) but rather a highly organized sequence in which particular symbols are ordered according to specific rules most of which are defined by the language grammar. Since the existence of grammar is an emergent phenomenon, language can be counted among the complex systems. The grammatical rules together with the information content impose on the language elements relations which can be most easily expressed in a form of network where, for instance, words are expressed by nodes and their relations by edges. (Introduction)

Gromov, Vasilii and Anastasia Migrina. A Language as a Self-Organized Critical System. Complexity. November, 2017. Oles Honchar National University, Ukraine mathematicians lay out a theoretical basis by which even this human cultural communicative quality appears to express nature’s universal middle way propensity.

A natural language (herewith texts generated by native speakers) is considered as a complex system. Namely, the authors hypothesize that such dynamic languages are self-organized critical systems and that their texts are “avalanches” flowing through word cooccurrence graphs. The respective statistical distributions of the number of words in English and Russian languages are calculated from a corpora of literary texts and sets of social media messages. The analysis found that the number of words in the texts obeys power-law distribution. (Abstract excerpt)

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