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IV. Ecosmomics: Independent, UniVersal, Complex Network Systems and a Genetic Code-Script Source

3. Iteracy: A Rosetta Ecosmos Textuality

HaiTao, Liu. Statistical Properties of Chinese Semantic Networks. Chinese Science Bulletin. 54/16, 2009. As a companion to the next paper, the Communication University of China linguist finds evidence of nature’s generic complexity principles, just as everywhere else from galaxies to genomes, in our written and spoken languages.

Almost all language networks in word and syntactic levels are small-world and scale-free. This raises the questions of whether a language network in deeper semantic or cognitive level also has the similar properties. To answer the question, we built up a Chinese semantic network based on a treebank with semantic role (argument structure) annotation and investigated its global statistical properties. The results show that although semantic network is also small-world and scale-free, it is different from syntactic network in hierarchical structure and K-Nearest-Neighbor correlation. (Abstract)

HaiTao, Liu and WenWen Li. Language Clusters Based on Linguistic Complex Networks. Chinese Science Bulletin. 55/30, 2010. As if a 21st century synthesis of the ancient polyglot Tower of Babel, Zhejiang University and Communication University of China system researchers proceed to elucidate mathematical lineaments and affinities across Greek, Latin, Japanese, Chinese, Arabic to English, Hungarian, Portuguese, and Romanian languages.

To investigate the feasibility of using complex networks in the study of linguistic typology, this paper builds and explores 15 linguistic complex networks based on the dependency syntactic treebanks of 15 languages. The results show that it is possible to classify human languages by means of the following main parameters of complex networks: (a) average degree of the node, (b) cluster coefficients, (c) average path length, (d) network centralization, (e) diameter, (f) power exponent of degree distribution, and (g) the determination coefficient of power law distributions. (Abstract)

A language system is a network with a complex structure. Scholars have conducted many studies on language and complex networks. There are several kinds of human languages and various principles for constructing language networks. Research shows that most of the language networks within different languages and diverse construction principles have characteristics that are small-world and scale-free. This research had been valuable for understanding the universality of language networks and the commonness of language systems, human society, and other natural systems. (3455)

Hernandez-Fernandez, Antoni and Ramon Ferrer-i-Cancho. The Infochemical Core. Journal of Quantitative Linguistics. 23/2, 2016. The paper is also posted at arXiv:1610.05654. Universitat Politčcnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, researchers achieve a novel perception of how natural systems far from language can be seen to display a linguistic, informational essence. For example, analogous correlations are noted between chemical communications or signals such as pheronomes and kairomones, and human writings. A deep, pervasive “language of life” can thus be alluded to.

Vocalizations and less often gestures have been the object of linguistic research over decades. However, the development of a general theory of communication with human language as a particular case requires a clear understanding of the organization of communication through other means. Infochemicals are chemical compounds that carry information and are employed by small organisms that cannot emit acoustic signals of optimal frequency to achieve successful communication. Here the distribution of infochemicals across species is investigated when they are ranked by their degree or the number of species with which it is associated. The quality of the fit of different functions to the dependency between degree and rank is evaluated with a penalty for the number of parameters of the function. Surprisingly, a double Zipf distribution with two regimes with a different exponent each is the model yielding the best fit although it is the function with the largest number of parameters. This suggests that the world wide repertoire of infochemicals contains a chemical nucleus shared by many species and reminiscent of the core vocabularies found for human language in dictionaries or large corpora. (Abstract)

Heunen, Chris, et al, eds. Quantum Physics and Linguistics: A Compositional, Diagrammatic Discourse. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013. An initial collection, broadly based at Oxford University, conveys an inherent affinity by way of mathematic and geometric finesses between these universe and human realms. It opens with An Alternative Gospel of Structure: Order, Composition, Processes by Bob Coecke (search). The grand implication would be a phenomenal nature as a truly textual composition, made and meant for we literate peoples to read, comprehend, avail, and continue. For a 2018 update see Uniqueness of Composition in Quantum Theory and Linguistics by Coecke, et al at arXiv:1803.00708.

New scientific paradigms typically consist of an expansion of the conceptual language with which we describe the world. Over the past decade, theoretical physics and quantum information theory have turned to category theory to model and reason about quantum protocols. This new use of categorical and algebraic tools allows a more conceptual and insightful expression of elementary events. Recent work in natural language semantics has begun to use these categorical methods to relate grammatical analysis and semantic representations in a unified framework for analysing language meaning, and learning meaning from a corpus. A growing body of literature on the use of categorical methods in quantum information theory and computational linguistics shows both the need and opportunity for new research on the relation between these categorical methods and the abstract notion of information flow.

Heylighen, Francis. Self-Organization in Communicating Groups: The Emergence of Coordination, Shared References and Collective Intelligence. Massip-Bonet, Angels & Albert Bastardas-Boada, eds. Complexity Perspectives on Language, Communication and Society. Berlin: Springer, 2012. A pioneer complex systems theorist, the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Center Leo Apostel director of its Evolution, Complexity and Cognition research team, begins with a succinct overview of the complex systems revolution. Then just as nature’s intrinsic dynamics prevail everywhere, they are equally seen bringing a cognitive acumen to human social assemblies. Thus a division of labor, via individual task choices without any central fiat, results. A proficient “workflow” ensues guided by a common alignment to an agreed objective. Consequent group intelligence is facilitated by modular aggregations, member independence, decentralization, and creative diversity. A next section takes up shared understandings of language and communicative content, i.e., everyone needs to be on the same page. The chapter is accessible in full on the author’s web publication page.

In the last few decades a new scientific paradigm has been slowly emerging: complexity. This paradigm departs from the reductionism, determinism and materialism of classical, Newtonian science by focusing on the non-linear interactions between the components of a complex system. Out of these interactions new properties or forms of organization emerge, a phenomenon termed self-organization. The present paper will sketch the basic ideas of the complexity paradigm, and then apply them to social systems, and in particular to groups of communicating individuals who together need to agree about how to tackle some problem or how to coordinate their actions. (117)

The concept of self-organization is becoming increasingly popular in various branches of science and technology. Although there is no generally accepted definition a self-organizing system may be characterized by global, coordinated activity arising spontaneously from local interactions between the system's components or “agents”. This activity is distributed over all components, without a central controller supervising or directing the behavior. For example, in a school of fish each individual fish bases its behavior on its perception of the position and speed of its immediate neighbors, rather than on the behavior of a “central fish” or that of the whole school. Self-organization establishes a relation between the behavior of the individual components and the structure and functionality of the system as a whole: simple interactions at the local level give rise to complex patterns at the global level. This phenomenon is called emergence. (119)

Holovatch, Yurij and Vasyl Palchykov. Complex Networks of Words in Fables. arXiv:1602.04853. In this chapter to appear in Maths Meets Myths (Springer, 2016), National Academy of Ukraine physicists contribute to the novel realization that these widely applicable nonlinear theories are equally appropriate to parse the structure and flow of traditional stories. Akin to other new postings in this section and elsewhere, (Kenna, Sboev, et al) a grand correspondence is achieved between an implied textual cosmos and the corpus of cultural literature. And we add all of which might be seen as the effect and version of a universal genetic code.

In this chapter to appear in Maths Meets Myths (Springer, 2016), National Academy of Ukraine physicists contribute to the novel realization that these widely applicable nonlinear theories are equally appropriate to parse the structure and flow of traditional stories. Akin to other new postings in this section and elsewhere, (Kenna, Sboev, et al) a grand correspondence is achieved between an implied textual cosmos and the corpus of cultural literature. And we add all of which might be seen as the effect and version of a universal genetic code.

Howe, Christopher and Heather Windram. Phylomemetics: Evolutionary Analysis Beyond the Gene. PLoS Biology. 9/5, 2009. Cambridge University biochemists make note that techniques used parse genomes seem to be equally appropriate for literary studies. One and the same process seems to be going on. Please see papers herein by Nichols and Tehrani for companion work.

Genes are propagated by error-prone copying, and the resulting variation provides the basis for phylogenetic reconstruction of evolutionary relationships. Horizontal gene transfer may be superimposed on a tree-like evolutionary pattern, with some relationships better depicted as networks. The copying of manuscripts by scribes is very similar to the replication of genes, and phylogenetic inference programs can be used directly for reconstructing the copying history of different versions of a manuscript text. Phylogenetic methods have also been used for some time to analyse the evolution of languages and the development of physical cultural artefacts. These studies can help to answer a range of anthropological questions. We propose the adoption of the term “phylomemetics” for phylogenetic analysis of reproducing non-genetic elements. (Abstract)

Jamaati, Maryam and Ali Mehri. Text Mining by Tsallis Entropy. Physica A. September, 2017. Iran University of Science and Technology and Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Iran, physicists contribute another way that the far removed realms of condensed matter and human corpora can yet be (necessarily) appreciated as reflections of each other. In regard, as linguistic systems become treatable by physical theories, a grand synthesis of a textual cosmos as literary narrative at last becomes comprehensible.

Long-range correlations between the elements of natural languages enable them to convey very complex information. Complex structure of human language, as a manifestation of natural languages, motivates us to apply nonextensive statistical mechanics in text mining. Tsallis entropy appropriately ranks the terms’ relevance to document subject, taking advantage of their spatial correlation length. We apply this statistical concept as a new powerful word ranking metric in order to extract keywords of a single document. We carry out an experimental evaluation, which shows capability of the presented method in keyword extraction. We find that, Tsallis entropy has reliable word ranking performance, at the same level of the best previous ranking methods. (Abstract)

Kartsaklis, Dimitrios, et al. Linguistic Matrix Theory. arXiv:1703.10252. A Queen Mary University of London, a Greek postdoctoral physicist, Sanjaye Ramgoolam, an Indian string theorist, and Mehrnoosh Sadrzadeh, an Iranian lady computer scientist, contribute to descriptions of a natural correspondence between geometric mathematics and language structures. As the quotes cite, the project involves and infers a cross-fertilization between these disparate fields. Along with other versions (Krioukov, Barabasi), by this witness the extant cosmos becomes (once again) a vital narrative, while our human literature gains a correlative rooting within physical reality.

Recent research in computational linguistics has developed algorithms which associate matrices with adjectives and verbs, based on the distribution of words in a corpus of text. These matrices are linear operators on a vector space of context words. They are used to construct the meaning of composite expressions from that of the elementary constituents, forming part of a compositional distributional approach to semantics. We propose a Matrix Theory approach to this data, based on permutation symmetry along with Gaussian weights and their perturbations. We characterize the cubic and quartic departures from the model, which we propose, alongside the Gaussian parameters, as signatures for comparison of linguistic corpora. We propose that perturbed Gaussian models with permutation symmetry provide a promising framework for characterizing the nature of universality in the statistical properties of word matrices. The matrix theory framework perceives language as a physical system realizing a universality class of matrix statistics characterized by permutation symmetry. (Abstract excerpts)

As a last note, we would like to emphasize that while this paper draws insights from physics for analysing natural language, this analogy can also work the other way around. Matrix models are dimensional reductions of higher dimensional quantum field theories, describing elementary particle physics, which contain matrix quantum fields. An active area of research in theoretical physics seeks to explore the information theoretic content of quantum field theories. It is reasonable to expect that the application of the common mathematical framework of matrix theories to language and particle physics will suggest many interesting analogies, for example, potentially leading to new ways to explore complexity in QFTs by developing analogs of linguistic complexity. (22)

Kenna, Palph, et al. A Narrative Network Analysis of the Poems of Ossian. arXiv:2306.16953. RK, Padraig MacCarron, Thierry Platini, Justin Tonra, and Joseph Yose at Coventry University, the University of Limerick in collaboration with the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (Holovatch) have pursued for the past decade a unique 21st century integration of complexity science and classical mythic literatures. Across this widest expanse, by the 2020s it has become well evident that the Iliad, Irish epics, Les Miserables and far afield can be so parsed as to find interlinked topologies, character roles and archetypal themes which repeatedly appear as nested story motifs. For An earlier example is A Network Science Investigation in the Epic Poems of Ossian at 1610.00142. Notions such as these—aggregates, interactions and universality—remain the link between statistical physics and the social sciences.

But as I log in on July 6, the news is about a Russian air strike on an apartment house in the western ancient city of Lviv. Might an editorial view perceive a timely concurrent option, race, or challenge between this senseless calamity and myriad continental outrages and an Earthwise, phenomenal, revolutionary knowledge as a palliative dispensation which this a PediaPedia Earthica resource as a planatural genesis is trying to report and document? In lieu of a long abstract, here are select quotes.


Networks and Narratives Our objective is to compare the network structures in Ossian, the Iliad, Odyssey, Acallam na Senórach and Lady Gregory’s text. Many quantitative measures of network properties have been de-veloped since network science emerged more than twenty years ago.71 We have measured many network properties, and the results have been published by Yose et al.72 but the essential information for our purposes is contained primarily in one feature: the degree distribution. To understand this, we must firstly examine how complex networks compare to simpler structures. (23) Besides comparing structural properties of the societies under-lying the various narratives through degree distributions and net-work statistics, one may also compare two networks directly using the concept of spectral distances. This concept was originally de-veloped for dynamic biological networks, but it is quite robust and can be considered wherever a quantitative comparison between networks is desired. (32)

A purpose of our Ossianic studies thus far was to determine if this modern network-scientific method can deliver something aligned with well-established knowledge in the humanities. We found our various statistical approaches deliver the same outcome; the social network structure embedded in Ossian is measurably closer to those of the Irish corpus than to the Homeric narratives, (35) The interdisciplinary approach applied above requires a com-bination of numerical and computational skills from the scientific side with the creative and interpretative skills of the humanities. This overcomes the communicative divide as perceived by C.P. Snow in his lecture. (37)

Ossian (/ˈɒʃən, ˈɒsiən/; Irish Gaelic/Scottish Gaelic: Oisean) is the narrator and purported author of a cycle of epic poems published by the Scottish poet James Macpherson, later combined under the title The Poems of Ossian. Macpherson claimed to have collected word-of-mouth material in Scottish Gaelic, said to be from ancient sources, and that the work was his translation of that material. Ossian is based on Oisín, son of Fionn mac Cumhaill),[2] a legendary bard in Irish mythology.

Kenna, Ralph and Padraig Mac Carron. Maths Meets Myths: Network Investigations of Ancient Narratives. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 681/012002, 2016. A paper presented at the International Conference on Computer Simulation in Physics and Beyond 2015 in Moscow, Russia by Coventry University and Oxford University systems physicists. They are the prime movers of this realization and project that statistical physics as nonlinear dynamics provides both an effective way to quantify historic literature, which can then connect our human corpora with the dynamic physical cosmos. A conference with this title was held in Coventry in 2014, whose proceedings are in a 2017 Springer book with this title, search Kenna.

Kenna, Ralph, et al, eds. Maths Meets Myths: Quantitative Approaches to Ancient Narratives. International: Springer, 2017. As noted under Kenna 2016, these are the proceedings of a 2014 Coventry conference about how statistical physics and complex network theories can similarly parse all manner of prose from folk tales to the Iliad and Les Miserables. For example, a lead chapter, Cognitive and Network Constraints in Real Life and Literature, by the anthropologist Robin Dunbar finds parallels between storytelling and common social structures. Some other entries are Mapping Literate Networks in Early Medieval Ireland by Elva Johnston, and Peopling of the New World from Data on Distributions of Folklore Motifs by Yuri Berezkin.

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