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IV. Ecosmomics: Independent, UniVersal, Complex Network Systems and a Genetic Code-Script Source

3. Iteracy: A Rosetta Ecosmos Textuality

Khomtchouk, Bohdan and Claes Wahlestedt. Zipf’s Law Emerges Asymptotically During Phase Transitions in Communicative Systems. arXiv:1603.03153. University of Miami School of Medicine theorists explain how natural and human linguistics can be linked with and seen to arise from fundamental physical phenomena.

Zipf's law predicts a power-law relationship between word rank and frequency in language communication systems, and is widely reported in texts yet remains enigmatic as to its origins. Computer simulations have shown that language communication systems emerge at an abrupt phase transition in the fidelity of mappings between symbols and objects. Since the phase transition approximates the Heaviside or step function, we show that Zipfian scaling emerges asymptotically at high rank based on the Laplace transform which yields (1/r)(1−e−r), where r denotes rank. We thereby demonstrate that Zipf's law gradually emerges from the moment of phase transition in communicative systems. We show that this power-law scaling behavior explains the emergence of natural languages at phase transitions.. (Abstract)

Kwan, Tze-wan. Abstract Concept Formation in Archaic Chinese Script Forms: Some Humboldtian Perspectives. Philosophy East and West. 61/3, 2011. A Chinese University of Hong Kong scholar (Doktor der Philosophie, Ruhr-Universitat Bochum, 1981) surely astride Eastern and Western cultures, evokes the “father of general linguistics” Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767-1835) to build toward a 21st century synthesis. The German idealist, closer to Kant than Hegel, saw language as an “internally connected organism” with later affinities to Chomsky’s “universality” and Sapir-Whorf “relativism.” In such regard, a recapitulation occurs between the ontogeny of an individual speaker, and the phylogeny of a national dialect. A contrast is then noted between western alphabets, “a script of words,” and an eastern “script of thoughts” founded on characters. Chinese writing, to Humboldt, is an “analogy of script,” - may we now say bilateral “analog and digital” complements?

Starting from the Humboldtian characterization of Chinese writing as a “script of thoughts,” this article makes an attempt to show that notwithstanding the important role played by phonetic elements, the Chinese script also relies on visual-graphical means in its constitution of meaning. In point of structure, Chinese characters are made up predominantly of components that are sensible or even tangible in nature. Out of these sensible components, not only physical objects or empirical states of affairs can be expressed, but also the most subtle and abstract concepts, such as 萬, 它, 言, 災, 仁, 義, 思, 念, 法, 律, 善, 考, 莫, 睘, and 幾, attesting to what Humboldt says about the Chinese script as having “embraced philosophical work within itself.” Humboldt’s idea of “analogy of script” throws light on the mechanism behind this structure to stimulate new reflections on the traditional theory of the “Six Ways” (六書) of character formation to provide a productive platform for interpretation. (Abstract, 409)

Li, Yi, et al. Incorporating Textual Network Improves Chinese Stock Market Analysis. Nature Scientific Reviews. 0/20944, 2020. At the close of this year, Shanxi University of Finance and Economics analysts offer another cross-correlation between diverse subject areas. The title network model which is broadly used for literary document analyses is here applied to similarly parse financial stock transactions. But our further interest is to note that nature’s network dynamic geometry can thus be considered to have a literary essence. We log in with Yang-Hui He’s paper Universe as Big Data with generally the same idea.

This study adopts the textual network which describes the coordination where nodes represent words which are connected if they have co-occurrence patterns across documents. To study stock movements, we then propose the sparse laplacian shrinkage logistic model which can take into account the network connectivity structure. By this approach, we studied the relationship between Shenwan index and analysts' research reports. Our study unveils some interesting findings that the efficient use of textual network is important to improve the predictive power as well as the semantic interpretability in stock market analysis. (Abstract)

Lin, Henry and Abraham Loeb. Zipf’s Law from Scale-free Geometry. arXiv:1501.00738. Harvard polymaths perceive a deep affinity across the widest reaches from statistical astrophysics tp urban populations. The work received notice in the January 2016 issue of the MIT Technology Review for its allusion that galaxies and cities self-organize in the same basic way.

The spatial distribution of people exhibits clustering across a wide range of scales, from household (∼10−2 km) to continental (∼104 km) scales. Empirical data indicates simple power-law scalings for the size distribution of cities (known as Zipf's law) and the population density fluctuations as a function of scale. Using techniques from random field theory and statistical physics, we show that these power laws are fundamentally a consequence of the scale-free spatial clustering of human populations and the fact that humans inhabit a two-dimensional surface. In this sense, the symmetries of scale invariance in two spatial dimensions are intimately connected to urban sociology. (Abstract)

Linzen, Tal and Marco Baroni. Syntactic Structure from Deep Learning. Annual Review of Linguistics. Volume 7, January, 2021. We are interested in this contribution by NYU and Facebook AI Research, Paris linguists because it seems to infer that many, widely removed, natural realms under study have a deep language-like essential character and content.

Modern deep neural networks achieve impressive performance in engineering applications that require linguistic skills, such as machine translation. This success has sparked interest in probing whether these models are inducing human-like grammatical knowledge from the raw data they are exposed to and, consequently, whether they can shed light on long-standing debates concerning the innate structure necessary for language acquisition. In this article, we survey the syntactic abilities of deep networks and discuss broader implications that this work has for theoretical linguistics. (Abstract)

Luczak-Roesch, Markus, et al. Not-so-distant Reading: A Dynamic Network Approach to Literature. it – Information Technology. 60/1, 2018. As the revolutionary perception of a common network physiology spreads across every field from quantum to culture, in this de Gruyter journal Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand linguists express how even literary textual works can be found to exhibit this universal interconnectivity.

In this article we report about our efforts to develop and evaluate computational support tools for literary studies. We present a novel method and tool that allows interactive visual analytics of character occurrences in Victorian novels, and has been handed to humanities scholars and students for work with a number of novels from different authors. Our user study reveals insights about Victorian novels that are valuable for scholars in the digital humanities field, and informs UI as well as UX designers about how these domain experts interact with tools that leverage network science. (Abstract)

Malmkjaer, Kirsten and Kevin Windle, eds. Oxford Handbook of Translation Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011. Drawing mostly on European linguists, a resource for the historical task of converting text from one language and culture to another, often fraught with difficulty and argument. Of special interest are scriptural tracings - the Christian bible is quite malleable, while the Koran must remain Divinely spoken Arabic.

Manguel, Alberto. A History of Reading. New York: Viking, 1996. As the author’s bio and select quotes help convey, the volume has become an iconic edition, akin to George Steiner’s After Babel and others, about the perennial essence and effinity of universe and human as textual edification and ordained reader. Our sapient proclivity for literary nourishment assumes, as did Hebrew sages, Walt Whitman, and many more herein, a companion, abiding sense of a natural narrative as a numinous enlightenment. As ever and future, the great magnum opus work is to decipher and learn what actual script (and score) a phenomenal human universe is written in. The fourth quote is from an essay on the author’s website, click on Notebook in top row, which further relishes this conversation, but then laments its late digital phase.

Internationally acclaimed as an anthologist, translator, essayist, novelist, and editor, Alberto Manguel is the bestselling author of several award-winning books, including A Dictionary of Imaginary Places and A History of Reading. He was born in Buenos Aires (1948), moved to Canada in 1982 and now lives in France, where he was named a Chevalier de l'Ordre franēais des Arts et des Lettres. I add that Alberto would also read to Jorges Borges in his waning years. (Amazon)

The universe, in Judaeo-Christian tradition, is conceived of a written Book made from numbers and letters, the key to understanding the universe lies in our ability to read these properly and master their combination, and thereby learn to give life to some part of that colossal text, in imitation of our Maker. (8)

For Walt Whitman, text, number, reader and world mirrored each other in the act of reading, an act whose meaning he expanded until it served to define every vital human activity, as well as the universe in which it all took place. In this conjunction, the reader reflects the writer, the world echoes a book (God’s book, Nature’s book), the book is of flesh and blood, the world is a book to be deciphered. All his life Whitman seems to have sought an understanding and definition of the act of reading, which is both itself and the metaphor for all its parts. (168)

As Dante advances through the three perceptible realms of the Afterlife, the poetic or intellectual image of the world as book becomes more and more concrete, until it takes on what Dante calls “a universal shape,” the shape of a book. For Dante, reaching the final vision in the Empyrean, the ultimate reality is a book. Dante the pilgrim, like a curious and reflective reader, while moving along the road from the first to the last page, allows himself to go back, to retrace explored territory, to recall, foretell and associate events past, present and future, leafing back and forth through God’s book, where “that which in the universe seems separate and scattered” is “gathered and bound by love in one single volume.” Of such convictions are readers and writers made. (Reading the World, 2)

Margalef, Roman. Information Theory and Complex Ecology. Patten, Bernard and Sven Jorgensen, eds. Complex Ecology.. New York: Prentice Hall, 1995. A noted ecologist develops a linguistic model for natural ecosystems. These are seen as analogous to languages, which suggests for our day how nature is truly textual in kind.

Markovic, Rene, et al. Applying Network Theory to Fables: Complexity in Slovene Belles-Lettres. Journal of Complex Networks. 7/1, 2019. University of Maribor, Slovenia theorists including Matjaz Perc show how nature’s common nonlinear geometry and dynamics can even be applied to any corpora of textual literature. And by turns if our conversant and written language are parsable by the same complex network systems as every other realm, it could strongly impart a narrative character to this universe to human procreation. That is to say, an organic doubleness of genomic script and score for this phenotypic genesis becomes increasingly evident.

Words are the building blocks of human communication. They are arranged in sentences in a non-trivial and universal way, which implies the existence of fundamental organizational principles that have shaped language development. One example is Zipf’s law which says that the frequency of word occurrence is generally an inverse power-law function of its rank. In our article, we study the structure and complexity of texts in Slovene belles-lettres, with an emphasis on differences across age groups. We show that the co-occurrence connectivity of words forms a complex and heterogeneous network characterized by an efficient transfer of information. We show that with the increasing age of readers, the length of texts and of words, along with complex social interactions between literary characters, all increase. Taken together, we demonstrate that network theory enables an in-depth theoretical exploration of Slovene belles-lettres, with clear distinctions in statistical properties between age groups, thus bridging art and exact sciences in a mutually rewarding way. (Abstract excerpt)

Martincic-Ipsic, Sanda, et al. Multilayer Network of Language: A Unified Framework for Structural Analysis of Linguistic Subsystems. Physica A. Online April, 2016. With Domagoj Margan and Ana Mestrovic, University of Rijeka, Croatia, informatics researchers post a paper that could be iconic of a worldwide 2010s synthesis. Rijeka is on the Adriatic Sea, proximate to Trieste, Ljubljana, Venice, and more widely Italy, Austria, Bosnia, Serbia. Since 2000, as the 63 references convey, with an Internet resource now accessible everywhere, an historic phase of instant, fluid global collaboration and scientific progress has arisen. Since the Barabasi - Albert 1998 paper upon scale-free networks the ubiquitous presence of dynamic nested systems of nodes, linkages, modules, communities and more has been quantified from cosmic and quantum phases through to brains and cultural civilizations. In this paper, even human literature can be found to exhibit this common topology, which in turn serves to root them in statistical physics.

Recently, the focus of complex networks’ research has shifted from the analysis of isolated properties of a system toward a more realistic modeling of multiple phenomena — multilayer networks. Motivated by the prosperity of multilayer approach in social, transport or trade systems, we introduce the multilayer networks for language. The multilayer network of language is a unified framework for modeling linguistic subsystems and their structural properties enabling the exploration of their mutual interactions. Various aspects of natural language systems can be represented as complex networks, whose vertices depict linguistic units, while links model their relations. The multilayer network of language is defined by three aspects: the network construction principle, the linguistic subsystem and the language of interest. More precisely, we construct a word-level (syntax and co-occurrence) and a subword-level (syllables and graphemes) network layers, from four variations of original text (in the modeled language). The word-level layers share structural properties regardless of the language (e.g. Croatian or English), while the syllabic subword-level expresses more language dependent structural properties. Moreover, the analysis of motifs reveals a close topological structure of the syntactic and syllabic layers for both languages. The findings corroborate that the multilayer network framework is a powerful, consistent and systematic approach to model several linguistic subsystems simultaneously and hence to provide a more unified view on language. (Abstract excerpts)

Massip-Bonet, Angels. Language as a Complex Adaptive System: Towards an Integrative Linguistics. Massip-Bonet, Angels & Albert Bastardas-Boada, eds. Complexity Perspectives on Language, Communication and Society. Berlin: Springer, 2013. The University of Barcelona philologist first reviews the theoretical facets of nonequilibrium dynamics from algorithmic information, autopoiesis and emergence to fractal similarities. Sections go on, among many, to Non-linearity and Phase Transitions¯ and Parallels between Biological and Language Systems¯ which considers linguistic genotypes and phenotypes onto cognitive and cultural domains. The grand surmise in this chapter, and the entire book, is a growing realization of the iterative genetic textuality of such a natural genesis uniVerse, from this original, independent drive to biomolecular (epi)genomes and onto equally generative conversation and content.

The objective of the chapter is to promote progress in the formulation and dissemination of transdisciplinary knowledge from the perspective of complexity, with special regard to its application in the field of language, the tool used to convey both thought and method. For this to happen, it is necessary to rethink science, including the human sciences, by means of an approach that cross-cuts disciplines and takes into account all those aspects which will allow us to find a shared language. This is because human phenomena require a way of thinking that is able to account for the interrelated and systematic nature of its internal and external dynamics. The development of a complex perspective will drive us toward a deeper understanding of human phenomena in general since they may well be the most complex in existence. This chapter also aims to set out guidelines for developing a vision of linguistics guided by the perspective of complexity. (Abstract)

Suddenly we can see that shared characteristics exist in complex adaptive systems implicated in processes as diverse as the origin of life, biological evolution, the dynamics of ecosystems, the immune system of mammals, learning and the mental processes of animals and human beings and the evolution of human societies. Comparing these shared characteristics offers us keys to enhancing our understanding of the system that is our object of study. A language is a complex adaptive system. When speaking of a language system, we do not refer only to a language, but also to the communicative exchange, to language as a shaper of cognition, to language as an expression of our nature. (40)

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