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VII. Our Earthuman Ascent: A Major Evolutionary Transition in Individuality

3. Planetary Physiosphere: Anatomics, Economics, Urbanomics

Jose, Marco and Ruth Bishop. Scaling Properties and Symmetrical Patterns in the Epidemiology of Rotavirus Infection. Philosophical Transaction of the Royal Society of London B. 358/1625, 2003. A “scale-free power-law fractal scaling behavior” is found for the spread of viral epidemics through human populations.

Kennedy, Christopher. Urban Metabolism. http://www.eoearth.org/article/Urban_metabolism. An entry in The Encyclopedia of Earth by the University of Toronto civil engineer discusses various attempts to appreciate citified human settlements in terms of a viable, homeostatic anatomy and physiology. See also for example: Zhang, Yan, et al “Ecological Network and Emergy Analysis of Urban Metabolic Systems” in Ecological Modelling (220/1431, 2009) for studies of four Chinese cities.

The concept of an urban metabolism provides a means of understanding the sustainable development of cities by drawing analogy with the metabolic processes of organisms. In practice the study of an urban metabolism (in urban ecology) requires quantification of the inputs, outputs and storage of energy, water, nutrients, materials and wastes.

Kennedy, Christopher, et al. Energy and Material Flows of Megacities. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112/5985, 2015. Thirty scientists from Canada, Italy, China, India, Philippines, Korea, Brazil, USA, UK, France Indonesia, Nigeria, Iran, Bangladesh, Argentina, Egypt, Pakistan, Mexico, and Turkey analyze ultraurban areas by way of these organic metabolic physiologies.

Understanding the drivers of energy and material flows of cities is important for addressing global environmental challenges. Accessing, sharing, and managing energy and material resources is particularly critical for megacities, which face enormous social stresses because of their sheer size and complexity. Here we quantify the energy and material flows through the world’s 27 megacities with populations greater than 10 million people as of 2010. Collectively the resource flows through megacities are largely consistent with scaling laws established in the emerging science of cities. Correlations are established for electricity consumption, heating and industrial fuel use, ground transportation energy use, water consumption, waste generation, and steel production in terms of heating-degree-days, urban form, economic activity, and population growth. The results help identify megacities exhibiting high and low levels of consumption and those making efficient use of resources. The correlation between per capita electricity use and urbanized area per capita is shown to be a consequence of gross building floor area per capita, which is found to increase for lower-density cities. Many of the megacities are growing rapidly in population but are growing even faster in terms of gross domestic product (GDP) and energy use. (Abstract)

Konar, Megan, et al. Water for Food: The Global Virtual Water Trade Network. Water Resources Research. 47/W05520, 2011. As these articles are being logged in across natural, personal, and societal domains, quite disparate fields, one cannot help but notice an increasing report, often word for word, of a universal self-organizing, complex adaptive system, with the same pattern and processes everywhere. Here via node and network terms, a team from Princeton University, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, and the National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan, find continental aqueous flows and usages to equally adopt such features. See also by this group “Structure and Controls of the Global Virtual Water Trade Network” in Geophysical Research Letters (38/L10403, 2011).

We present a novel conceptual framework and methodology for studying virtual water trade. We utilize complex network theory to analyze the structure of the global virtual water trade associated with the international food trade. In the global virtual water trade network, the nations that participate in the international food trade correspond to the nodes, and the links represent the flows of virtual water associated with the trade of food from the country of export to the country of import. (W05520)

Lee, Y., et al. Universal Features in the Growth Dynamics of Complex Organizations. Physical Review Letters. 81/15, 1998. The gross domestic product of 152 countries exhibits the same power law scaling, another sign of an independent invariance everywhere.

Lehner, Mark. Fractal House of Pharaoh: Ancient Egypt as a Complex Adaptive System. Timothy Kohler and George Gumerman, eds. Dynamics in Human and Primate Societies. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. Classical Egyptian society with its array of “households within households” exhibits a scale-free structure which repeats the same pattern in a nested hierarchy. The author sees these findings as an example of how nonlinear science can bring a novel understanding to past and present human settlements.

I offer a prospectus for approaching Egyptian civilization as a complex adaptive system based on loose analogies with concepts of emergent order and self-organization. This is a narrative exploration of ways that ancient Egyptian society may be amenable to the kind of agent-based modeling applied to small-scale societies. (276)

Li, Shouwei, et al. Network Entropies of the Chinese Financial Market. Entropy. 18/9, 2016. We note this paper by Southeast University, Nanjing, China researchers as an example, among many, of the same ubiquitous, dynamic multiplexities as found everywhere else from brains to galaxies.

Based on the data from the Chinese financial market, this paper focuses on analyzing three types of network entropies of the financial market, namely, Shannon, Renyi and Tsallis entropies. The findings suggest that Shannon entropy can reflect the volatility of the financial market, that Renyi and Tsallis entropies also have this function when their parameter has a positive value, and that Renyi and Tsallis entropies can reflect the extreme case of the financial market when their parameter has a negative value. (Abstract)

Li, Xiang, et al. Complexity and Synchronization of the World Trade Web. Physica A. 328/287, 2003. The same scale-free network dynamics characterize an internationally connected economy as they do the Internet.

Li, Yi, et al. . Incorporating Textual Network Improves Chinese Stock Market Analysis. Nature Scientific Reviews. 10/20944, 2020. At the close of this year, Shanxi University of Finance and Economics analysts offer another cross-correlation between diverse subject areas. The title network model which is broadly used to parse literary documents is similarly applied to analyze financial stock transactions. Our interest is to note that nature’s network dynamic geometry, in turn, can be considered to have a literary essence. See also Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking in Quantum Finance by Ivan Arraut, et al in Europhysics Letters (131/6, 2020) for a companion study and Yang-Hui He’s paper Universe as Big Data (arXiv:2011.14442) for generally the same idea.

Lim, May, et al. Global Pattern Formation and Ethnic/Cultural Violence. Science. 317/1540, 2007. The authors are May Lim of Brandeis University, Richard Metzler of MIT, and Yaneer Bar-Yam of the New England Complex Systems Institute. If boundaries between ethnic, religious or social groups are not well defined or inappropriate, conflict will often result. These complex interrelations can then be found to exhibit a discernible, persistent geometry which lends itself mathematical modeling. The broader point and contribution is the quantified realization that such a deeper, ‘double’ dimension exists, amenable to analysis, which can, as the authors advise, guide palliative resolutions.

Here, we focus on an aspect of spatial population structure that has been neglected so far; we analyze the global pattern of violence and propose that many instances are consistent with the natural dynamics of type separation, a form of pattern formation also seen in physical or chemical phase separation. (1541)

Lobo, Jose, et al. Urban Science: Integrated Theory from the First Cities to Sustainable Metropolises. SSRN Electronic Journal. January, 2020. A 23 page survey by some 35 co-authors such as Marina Alberti, Marc Barthelemy, Geoffrey West and Hyejin Youn provide an initial scoping out of this new subject, which it seems to me might well be treating these concentrated, hyper-vibrant human habitations as a further stage of cellular anatomy and metabolism. See also in regard Spatial Dynamics of Complex Urban Systems within an Evolutionary Theory Frame by Raimbault, Juste and Denise Pumain at arXiv:2010.14890.

The SSRN, formerly known as Social Science Research Network, is both a repository for preprints and an international journal for the rapid dissemination of scholarly research in the social sciences and humanities. (https://www.ssrn.com/index.cfm/en)

Lu, Yongmei and Junmei Tang. Fractal Dimension of a Transportation Network and its Relationship with Urban Growth. Environment and Planning B. 31/6, 2004. A study of the Dallas-Fort Worth area reveals a self-similar geometry, which I add, much corresponds to an organism’s metabolism and circulation.

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