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IV. Ecosmomics: Independent, UniVersal, Complex Network Systems and a Genetic Code-Script Source

3. Iteracy: A Rosetta Ecosmos Textuality

Nefdt, Ryan. Biolinguistics and Biological Systems: A Complex Systems Analysis of Language. Biology & Philosophy. March, 2023. A University of the Cape Town, RSA (search RN website) enters a latest synthesis of life’s communicative essence, as biosemiotic now articulates (see Ch. V), with a wide array of animate nonlinear features as they have likewise become recently identified. With some 140 references across 21st century studies from Chomsky to Pattee, Deacon, De Boer and many more, it is asserted that typical modular, robust, nested structures, adaptive, recursion, qualities are also strongly present in speech and script. See also A Note on Retrodiction and Machine Evolution by Gustavo Caetano-Anolles at arXiv:2303.14590 for a companion view.

In their recent book, Ladyman and Wiesner (What is a Complex System?, Yale UP, 2020) offer an exemplary synopsis of the interdisciplinary field of complexity science to date. Here, I extend their feature survey to include the formal study of natural language, i.e. linguistics. Indeed, I argue that language exhibits many of the hallmarks of a complex biological system. In regard, I will advocate the ‘Minimalist Program’ (Chomsky, MIT, 1995), which cites basic underlying mechanisms that, in their idealizations, such a novel biolinguistics should embrace a ‘Maximalist Program’ in which multiple subfields contribute component explanations to an emerging whole. (Excerpt)

Nichols, Johanna and Tandy Warnow. Tutorial of Computational Linguistic Phylogeny. Language and Linguistic Compass. 2/5, 2008. A senior UC Berkeley linguist and a UT Austin computer scientist post a 60 page exposition about growing realizations that genomes and literature (languagome?) are so alike they are amenable to similar methods of analysis. Such network and tree topologies apply both to their evolutionary development and present composition.

Over the last 10 or more years, there has been a tremendous increase in the use of computational techniques (many of which come directly from biology) for estimating evolutionary histories (i.e., phylogenies) of languages. This tutorial surveys the different methods and different types of linguistic data that have been used to estimate phylogenies, explains the scientific and mathematical foundations of phylogenetic estimation, and presents methodologies for evaluating a phylogeny estimation method. (Abstract)

O’Collins, Gerald, SJ. Word, Spirit, and Wisdom in the Universe. Gregersen, Niels, eds. Incarnation: On the Scope and Depth of Christology. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2015. The octogenarian theologian and author was at the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome for decades, and is presently a research professor in his native Australia. We include in Rosetta because as a chapter in this edited volume about a divine milieu in the cosmic 21st century, a modern view of biblical revelation is proffered as a synthesis of written word, aligned with Solomon, and a visual Spirit or Wisdom from Sophia. Here is a dual process model in place ages ago, the same interplay and wholeness of literal and visual modes that scholars such as Maryanne Wolf (2007) and Laura Otis (2015) evoke, along with neuroscientist Nina Kraus (2015). The Jesuit’s intent is to recover a proper, equal place for Wise visions along with Logos verse for a full appreciation of textual, and natural scripture. A result is to allow both transcendence and immanence, and masculine and feminine complements. The volume editor is a University of Copenhagen theologian (search) and the initiator of this “deep incarnation” theme. Contributors include Elizabeth Johnson, Holmes Rolston, Celia Deane-Drummond, Stuart Kauffman, and Jurgen Moltmann.

Christians recognize Jesus as the Word of God. But we need to fill out that faith by drawing on the biblical material that concerns not only the Logos but also Sophia. This materials suggests the (a) informational, and (b) transformative characteristics of both Logos and Sophia: (a) Both the divine Logos and divine Wisdom are intelligible, “revelatory” principles, and their presence embedded in the informational, “mathematical” structures of the universe expresses in its intrinsic intelligibility.(b) The presence of Logos and Sophia also transforms things. In particular, the unique beauty is not only revelatory but also changes the world. (77)

Deeply engaged with the classical tradition and the contemporary world, the book leads readers into critical explorations and debates of the concept of "deep incarnation"—the view that the divine incarnation in Jesus presupposes a radical embodiment that reaches into the roots of material and biological existence. Such a wide-scope view of incarnation allows Christology to be relevant and meaningful when responding to the challenges of scientific cosmology and global religious pluralism. In what sense does God's Logos and Wisdom "becoming flesh" include the world of "all flesh"—from grass to human persons; What are the connections between a Logos Christology and the informational aspects of the universe—those exemplified in its deep mathematical structures as well as those emerging in biological evolution? (Publisher excerpts)

Pardo PIntos, Alejandro, et al. Cognitive Forces Shape the Dynamics pf Word Usage. arXiv:2201.04739. Our results suggest that oscillations in word frequency are near a dynamic criticality. University of Buenos Aires system neuroscientists including Enzo Tagliazucchi contribute further evidence that linguistic phenomena, in content and conveyance, seem to innately display the same patterns and processes as everywhere else as life’s emergent evolution may reach our Earthuman articulations. In addition, by way of insightful perceptions a similar tendency to attain a self=organized critical state is found in effect even for this communicative activity.

Language is a superstructure in constant evolution at all levels of description. the cross-fertilization between linguistics and evolutionary biology has been enhanced by the access to massive digital corpora that now provide time series of word usage, opening a new era for quantitative studies in language dynamics. Joint efforts enabled to treat language dynamics using methods drawn from population genetics, statistical physics, and dynamical systems. The study of these processes suggests that language can be understood as a system controlled by mechanisms similar to those underlying the evolution of biological species. (1)

We have described the global dynamics of word usage in different languages using a basic attention-saturation mechanism that produces cycles. Beyond providing a plausible interpretation of word frequency data, we believe that the modelling raises two interesting theoretical implications. First, the notion of dynamical criticality which we already discussed. Second, the dynamical structure of forced oscillations predicts the appearance of partial synchronization, which is indeed observed in communities formed with words of similar trends. We expect that these findings will open a venue in the investigation of language dynamics and contribute to unravel how human cognition and sociocultural forces interact to shape our use of language. (5)

Pareyon, Gabriel. On Musical Self-Similarity. Google Author and Title. 2011. This 568 page posting is a University of Helsinki doctoral thesis by the Mexican polymath scholar. As one compares with other 2010s work that finds language to exhibit self-organized network forms, so it may actually be that the complements of musical score and of written script can take on an innate harmony and balance. As I access in 2020, in this fraught year might we people finally be able to appreciate the music of the spheres and to read natural creation as a literate testament?

Self-similarity, a concept taken from mathematics, is becoming a keyword in musicology. Although a polysemic term, self-similarity refers to multi-scalar feature repetition in a set of relationships, and as an indication of musical ‘coherence’ and ‘consistency’. This thesis provides a theory of musical meaning in the context of inter-semiosis, that is, its translation from one cognitive domain to another (e.g. from mathematics to music, or to speech forms). The notion of analogy is used through its classic definitions: proportion and paradigm, so to discern likeness and affinity criteria. Using quantitative–qualitative methods, a parallel study of different modalities of musical self-similarity is presented. Furthermore, connecting Charles Peirce’s synechism with Mandelbrot’s fractality is one of the main developments of the project. (Abstract excerpt)

Perc, Matjaz. Evolution of the Most Common English Words and Phrases over the Centuries. Journal of the Royal Society Interface. Online July, 2012. In an exemplary paper of its subject and kind, a University of Maribor, Slovenia, mathematical physicist finds several phenomenal themes at work. This composite corpus, a magisterial opus, of the composite, contiguous total of human writings might then appear as if a single book or testament. It is here seen to be deeply distinguished and suffused by nonlinear self-organizing dynamical systems. Moreover by these lights, as everywhere in nature and culture, an “allure of universal laws” draws one on. What kind of a cosmic creation at some late hour so tries to write and read itself unto knowledge and discovery?

By determining the most common English words and phrases since the beginning of the sixteenth century, we obtain a unique large-scale view of the evolution of written text. We find that the most common words and phrases in any given year had a much shorter popularity lifespan in the sixteenth century than they had in the twentieth century. By measuring how their usage propagated across the years, we show that for the past two centuries, the process has been governed by linear preferential attachment. Along with the steady growth of the English lexicon, this provides an empirical explanation for the ubiquity of Zipf’s law in language statistics and confirms that writing, although undoubtedly an expression of art and skill, is not immune to the same influences of self-organization that are known to regulate processes as diverse as the making of new friends and World Wide Web growth. (Abstract)

Here we make use of the data that accompanied the seminal study by Michel et al. (Google Books), and show empirically, based on a large-scale statistical analysis of the evolution of the usage of the most common words and phrases in the corpus of the English books over the past five centuries, that growth and preferential attachment played a central role in determining the longevity of popularity and the emergence of scaling in the examined corpus. The presented results support previous theoretical studies and indicate that writing, on a large scale, is subject to the same fundamental laws of organization that determine so many other aspects of our existence. (1-2)

Perfetti, Charles and Li-Hai Tan. Write to Read: The Brain’s Universal Reading and Writing Network. Trends in Cognitive Science. 17/2, 2013. University of Pittsburgh and University of Hong Kong linguists find that even for different eastern and western script styles, a common neural architecture and activity is availed upon in every case. A further plus is the realization, as children know, that longhand writing is an effective method to facilitate anyone’s first or second language learning. See also “Universal Brain Systems for Recognizing Word Shapes and Handwriting Gestures During Reading,” Kimihiro Nakamura, et al (PNAS 109/20762, 2012).

Do differences in writing systems translate into differences in the brain's reading network? Or is this network universal, relatively impervious to variation in writing systems? A new study adds intriguing evidence to these questions by showing that reading handwritten words activates a pre-motor area across writing systems. (Abstract)

Peters, Carol, et al, eds. Advances in Cross-Language Information Retrieval. Berlin: Springer, 2003. A conference report on methods for automatically translating between languages on the Internet and for Digital Libraries. One language is never seen as untranslatable into another.

Petersen, Alexander, et al. Statistical Laws Governing Fluctuations in Word Use from Word Birth to Word Death. arXiv:1107.3707. An endeavor to parse even textual corpora as generic complex dynamic systems, as recent entries here convey, is now underway. With coauthors Joel Tenenbaum, Shlomo Havlin, and Eugene Stanley, this February 2012 posting employs computational and statistical physics to discern the presence of dynamical patterns in both individual word usage, and throughout language discourse.

We analyze the dynamic properties of 10^7 words recorded in English, Spanish and Hebrew over the period 1800--2008 in order to gain insight into the coevolution of language and culture. We report language independent patterns useful as benchmarks for theoretical models of language evolution. A significantly decreasing (increasing) trend in the birth (death) rate of words indicates a recent shift in the selection laws governing word use. For new words, we observe a peak in the growth-rate fluctuations around 40 years after introduction, consistent with the typical entry time into standard dictionaries and the human generational timescale. Pronounced changes in the dynamics of language during periods of war shows that word correlations, occurring across time and between words, are largely influenced by coevolutionary social, technological, and political factors. (Abstract)

Piattelli-Palmarini, Massimo and Giuseppe Vitiello. Linguistics and Some Aspects of its Underlying Dynamics. arXiv:1506.08663. A veteran team of the University of Arizona linguist and University of Salerno physicist find the latest versions of the formation and conduct of human language to have a deep affinity with fundamental scientific theories such as many-body systems and self-similar mathematics.

In recent years, central components of a new approach to linguistics, the Minimalist Program (MP, Noam Chomsky) have come closer to physics. Features of the Minimalist Program, such as the unconstrained nature of recursive Merge, the operation of the Labeling Algorithm that only operates at the interface of Narrow Syntax with the Conceptual-Intentional and the Sensory-Motor interfaces, the difference between pronounced and un-pronounced copies of elements in a sentence and the build-up of the Fibonacci sequence in the syntactic derivation of sentence structures, are directly accessible to representation in terms of algebraic formalism. Although in our scheme linguistic structures are classical ones, we find that an interesting and productive isomorphism can be established between the MP structure, algebraic structures and many-body field theory opening new avenues of inquiry on the dynamics underlying some central aspects of linguistics. (Abstract)

In conclusion, we have uncovered the isomorphism between the physics of many-body systems and the linguistic strategy of the Minimalist Program. However, although we have exploited the algebraic properties of the many-body formalism, in our scheme the linguistic structures are “classical” ones. It is known, on the other hand, that the many-body formalism is well suited to describe not only the world of elementary particle physics and condensed matter physics, but also macroscopically behaving systems characterized by ordered patterns. It is an interesting question whether the crucial mechanism of the foliation of the space of the states has to do with the basic dynamics underlying the linguistic phenomena observed at a macroscopic level. It might well be possible that the basic dynamics underlying the richness of the biochemical phenomenology of the brain behavior, also provides the basic mechanisms of linguistics. (11)

Piedeleu, Ron, et al. Open System Categorical Quantum Semantics in Natural Language Processing. arXiv:1502.00831. Oxford and London mathematicians including Bob Coecke continue their interdisciplinary project, with many colleagues, for a current reinterpretation of quantum domains by way of complex, informational, systemic computations which are lately found to have an affinity with linguistic qualities. Quantum semantics is a working phrase, while NLP is an interface for computer and human discourse. For more, see New Structures for Physics (2010, search Coecke), Is There Something Quantum-Like About the Human Mental Lexicon by Peter Bruza, et al in the Journal of Mathematical Psychology (53/5, 2009), and A Quantum Teleportation Inspired Algorithm Produces Sentence Meaning from Word Meaning and Grammatical Structure by Stephen Clark, et al at arXiv:1305.0556. Circa 2015, an historic witness and proof accrues of an inherently literal, text-like natural creation, as it spans, iterates, and rises from physical to public scales.

Originally inspired by categorical quantum mechanics (Abramsky and Coecke, LiCS'04), the categorical compositional distributional model of natural language meaning of Coecke, Sadrzadeh and Clark provides a conceptually motivated procedure to compute the meaning of a sentence, given its grammatical structure within a Lambek pregroup and a vectorial representation of the meaning of its parts. The predictions of this first model have outperformed that of other models in mainstream empirical language processing tasks on large scale data. Moreover, just like CQM allows for varying the model in which we interpret quantum axioms, one can also vary the model in which we interpret word meaning. (Abstract)

Ramirez-Arellano, Aldo. Classification of Literary Works: Fractality and Complexity of the Narrative, Essay, and Research Article. Entropy. 22/8, 2020. We cite this entry by a National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico interdisciplinary theorist as another example of how even our written, textual reports and stories are similarly suffused by the same nonlinear intricate forms and net dynamics as all other phases. A further substantial depth is then noticed by affinities to mathematical physics.

Linguistic typological research using quantitative measures is a current research topic based on the complex network approach. This project aims at showing the node degree, betweenness, shortest path length, clustering coefficient, and nearest neighborhood degree, as well as the fractal dimension, the complexity of a given network, the Area Under Box-covering, and the Area Under the Robustness Curve. The literary works of Mexican writers were classified according to their genre. Almost 90% of the full word co-occurrence networks were classified as a fractal. Empirical evidence is presented also finds that lemmatisation of the original text is a renormalisation network process that preserves their fractal property and reveals stylistic attributes by genre. (Abstract)

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