|
IV. Ecosmomics: Independent, UniVersal, Complex Network Systems and a Genetic Code-Script SourceKulkarni, Suman, et al. Information Content of Note Transitions in the Music of J. S. Bach.. arXiv:2301.00783. University of Pennsylvania and CCNY interdisciplinary theorists including Danielle Bassett open with an appreciation of our human social love of tuneful melodic compositions, as they now become amenable to 21st mathematical sciences of network forms, linguistics, and so on. It is noted that these findings hold to the same scale and metre as everywhere else in nature. See also Fractal Patterns in Music by John McDonough and Andrzej Herczyhski at arXiv:2221.12497, and The Song of the Cell by Siddhartha Mukherjee (Scribner, 2022). Music has a complex structure that expresses emotion and conveys information, which people process through an imperfect cognitive gestalt version of reality. To address and analyze this wide issue, we study J. S. Bach's music by way of network science and information theory. Bach's work is highly structured over wide range of fugues and choral pieces that we view as a network of note transitions to quantify the information in each piece and how they can be grouped together. Our findings shed new light network properties of Bach's music and gain insight into features that make networks of information effective for communication. (Excerpt) Lee, Deokjae, et al. Universal Mechanism for Hybrid Percolation Transitions. Nature Scientific Reports. 7/5723, 2017. A Korean - Hungarian collaboration of Seoul National University and Central European University systems physicists cites another example whence physical materiality can be seen to innately possess generic, commonly repetitive, formative features. Hybrid percolation transitions (HPTs) induced by cascading processes have been observed in diverse complex systems such as k-core percolation, breakdown on interdependent networks and cooperative epidemic spreading models. Here we present the microscopic universal mechanism underlying those HPTs. We show that the discontinuity in the order parameter results from two steps: a durable critical branching (CB) and an explosive, supercritical (SC) process, the latter resulting from large loops inevitably present in finite size samples. This crossover mechanism and scaling behavior are universal for different HPT systems. Our result implies that the crossover time O(N1/3) is a golden time, during which one needs to take actions to control and prevent the formation of a macroscopic cascade, e.g., a pandemic outbreak. (Abstract) Lehn, Jean-Marie. Toward Self-Organization and Complex Matter. Science. 295/2400, 2002. A cross-fertilization between complex systems, biological evolution, and chemistry leads to a synthesis of self-organization and selection as a science of dynamically adaptive “informed matter.” Self-organization is the driving force that led to the evolution of the biological world from inanimate matter. The inclusion of dissipative nonequilibrium processes, like those present in the living world, constitutes a major goal and challenge for supramolecular chemistry. (2400) Multilevel hierarchical self-organization enables the progressive buildup of more and more complex systems in a sequential temporal ordered fashion. (2401) Lesne, Annick and Michel Lagues. Scale Invariance: From Phase Transitions to Turbulence. Germany: Springer, 2012. Parisian physicists achieve a dedicated volume to express current realizations of nature’s own propensity to reliably repeat in kind the same structures and dynamics across universe to human scales, indeed from physics to people. By way of mathematic theories, albeit in abstractions as self-organized criticality, a robust veracity of a fractal-like “universality” is described from cosmic condensed matter to chemical, polymeric realms, biological systems, and onto somatic physiologies. See also From Newton to Mandelbrot by D. Stauffer, E. Stanley, and A. Lesne (Springer 2017) for a further excursion. During a century from the Van der Waals mean field description of gases in the 1870s until the introduction of the renormalization group (RG) in the 1970s, thermodynamics and statistical physics were unable to account for the incredible universality observed in critical phenomena. The success of RG techniques is not only to solve this challenge of critical behaviour in thermal transitions but to introduce useful tools across a wide field where a system exhibits scale invariance. Since then, a new physics of scaling laws and critical exponents allows quantitative descriptions of numerous occasions, ranging from phase transitions to earthquakes, polymer conformations, heartbeat rhythm, diffusion, interface growth and roughening, DNA sequence, dynamical systems, chaos and turbulence. The chapters are jointly written by an experimentalist and a theorist.
Lin, Yi, et al.
Systems Science.
Boca Raton: CRC Press,
2012.
Yi Lin is a mathematican with academic appointments across China and the USA, and several texts on nonlinear theories to his credit. Coauthor Xiaojun Duan, with a Chinese PhD in systems engineering, professes at the National University of Defense Technology, Changsha. She drew upon her course material for the book’s topical range from historical backgrounds and nonlinear dynamics to self-organization, complex adaptive systems, synergetics, nonequilibrium thermodynamics, fractals, chaotic behavior, nested networks, emergence, and onto “open complex giant systems” of global and cosmic scale. The extraordinary volume is of such merit we offer an exemplary array of quotes. In short, the characteristics of systems science require scholars of different backgrounds to talk and to conduct research together so that they can potentially discover implicit connections underlying the artificially separated disciplines. Through integrations of multiple fields, commonalities of systems can be discovered so that practical problems can be resolved. (16) Livio, Mario. The Golden Ratio. New York: Broadway Books, 2002. Which is mathematical Fibonacci series found in evidence throughout nature. In so doing, it takes on fractal qualities as motifs repeat themselves with a nested self-similarity, much like Russian dolls. Loose, Martin, et al. Protein Self-Organization: Lessons from the Min System. Annual Review of Biophysics. 40/315, 2011. This chapter by Dresden University (Loose), Max Planck Institute (Karsten Kruse), and Saarland University (Petra Schwille) scientists is a good example of the shift in biological research to admit and study the deep, creative, presence and play of “Collective dynamic behavior: a system that emerges from the interactions of a large number of components” at each and every phase from biomolecules to cells, organisms, and onto fish schools and bird flocks. One of the most fundamental features of biological systems is probably their ability to self-organize in space and time on different scales. Despite many elaborate theoretical models of how molecular self-organization can come about, only a few experimental systems of biological origin have so far been rigorously described, due mostly to their inherent complexity. The most promising strategy of modern biophysics is thus to identify minimal biological systems showing self-organized emergent behavior. One of the best-understood examples of protein self-organization, which has recently been successfully reconstituted in vitro, is represented by the oscillations of the Min proteins in Escherichia coli. (Abstract, 315) Lorenz, Dirk, et al. The Emergence of Modularity in Biological Systems. Physics of Life Reviews. 8/2, 2011. With coauthors Alice Jeng and Michael Deem, Rice University biophysicists cite Herbert Simon’s 1962 classic image, which a half century later can be verified as a natural, dynamic persistence for life to form into distinct, viable modules or communities at every nested phase and moment. Section 2.2.4 is “Spontaneous Emergence of Modularity as a Phase Transition,” while 3.2 is “Modularity in Metabolic Networks, Gene Networks, and Protein-Protein Interactions Networks,” and 3.6 “Social Networks,” indeed an iterative, developmental universality. See also “Modularity, Comparative Embryology and Evo-Devo” by Shigeru Kuratani in this journal (332/1, 2009), and “Hierarchical Evolution of Animal Body Plans” in Developmental Biology (337/1, 2010) by Jiankui He and Michael Deem. In our review of the empirical evidence, we will show that natural and man-made systems employ modularity to a non-zero extent. That is, we will show that the polynomial approximation achieved by modularity and hierarchy has evolved in real networks. Modularity has been observed in all parts of biology on scales from proteins and genes to cells, to organs, to ecosystems. Proteins are often made up of almost independent modules, which may be exchanged through evolution. Topological Analysis of networks of genes or proteins has revealed modularity as well. Motifs and modules have been found in transcriptional regulation networks, and modules have been found across all scales in metabolic networks. Animal body plans can also be decomposed into clear structural or functional units. Food webs also show compartmentalization. Thus, a hierarchy of modules can be observed that spans many scale of biology. (130) Ma’ayan, Avi. Complex Systems Biology. Journal of the Royal Society Interface. Vol. 14/Iss. 134, 2017. The director of the Mount Sinai Center for Bioinformatics, New York City, provides a succinct survey of this thirty year scientific endeavor to perceive and quantify a natural and social anatomy and physiology. We note for 1987 James Gleick’s Chaos book and the Santa Fe Institute (which I visited that summer). Into the later 2010s, as noted, e.g., in Figure 1, an expansive, self-similar synthesis from iconic cellular form and function to a dynamic cities can be achieved whence many almost exact copies of agents populate new complex environments and complex environments gradually congeal into complex agents. See also Lean Big Data Interpretation in Systems Biology and Systems Pharmacology by Ma’ayan, et al in Trends in Pharmacological Sciences (35/9, 2014).
Mainzer, Klaus. Challenges of Complexity in the 21st Century. European Review. 17/2, 2009. An “Interdisciplinary Introduction” to a special issue on the topic, whose articles by Jean-Marie Lehn, Peter Schuster, Wolf Singer, and Gunter Schiepek and others range from systems chemistry to self-organizing brains and psychotherapies. But however aptly dynamic self-organization can bring a novel theoretical explanation to every such realm, it has yet to dawn that a radically kind of genesis universe is thus implied and revealed. Structures in nature can be explained by the dynamics and attractors of complex systems. They result from collective patterns of interacting elements that cannot be reduced to the features of single elements in a complex system. Nonlinear interactions in multi-component systems often have synergetic effects that can neither be traced back to single causes nor be forecast in the long run. The mathematical formalism of complex dynamical systems is taken from statistical physics. (223) Mainzer, Klaus. Symmetry and Complexity: The Spirit and Beauty of Nonlinear Science. Singapore: World Scientific, 2005. A new book by the chair of philosophy of science at the University of Augsburg and director of its Institute of Interdisciplinary Informatics. Not seen yet, we quote from the publisher’s website. Cosmic evolution leads from symmetry to complexity by symmetry breaking and phase transitions. The emergence of new order and structure in nature and society is explained by physical, chemical, biological, social and economic self-organization, according to the laws of nonlinear dynamics. All these dynamical systems are considered computational systems processing information and entropy….In the complex world of globalization, it strongly argues for unity in diversity. Mainzer, Klaus. The Concept of Law in Natural, Technical and Social Systems. European Review. 22/S1, 2014. In a special issue on Basic Ideas in Science: The Concept of Law, the Technical University of Munchen philosopher, who has been writing about complexity since the 1990s, contrasts a prior phase of Newtonian mechanism with a Dynamic Concept of Laws that has arisen over this period. Rather than linear fixations, an actual nature of malleable, evolving intricacies and activities across scales of life and mind is being found. It is now known that genomes, brains, economies, and every milieu dynamically organize themselves in a similar way. As the quote notes, by 2014 their universal manifestion is proven from quanta to media, which then reveals a persistent, scale-free invariance. For a companion paper herein, see General Laws and Centripetal Science by Gerard Jagers. Natural Laws of Self-organization: Laws of nonlinear dynamics do not only exhibit instability and chaos, but also self-organization of structure and order. The intuitive idea is that global patterns and structures emerge from locally interacting elements such as atoms in laser beams, molecules in chemical reactions, proteins in cells, cells in organs, neurons in brains, agents in markets, and so on. Complexity phenomena have been reported from many disciplines (e.g. biology, chemistry, ecology, physics, sociology, economics, and so on) and analysed from various perspectives such as Schrodinger’s order from disorder, Prigogine’s dissipative structure, Haken’s synergetics, Langton’s edge of chaos, etc. (S8)
Previous 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 Next [More Pages]
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
HOME |
TABLE OF CONTENTS |
Introduction |
GENESIS VISION |
LEARNING PLANET |
ORGANIC UNIVERSE |