|
VI. Life’s Cerebral Cognizance Becomes More Complex, Smarter, Informed, Proactive, Self-Aware1. Animal Intelligence, Persona and Sociality
2020: As the cover image bookends, a revolution has taken place since the early 1990s when animals were still seen as instinctive, dumb beasts. Today, as we well know, all great and small creatures are known to possess an intelligent sentience, personality, clever behaviors, quorum senses, empathy, salutary groupings and more. Rather then anthromorphic concerns as before, it seems that animals actually have a whole human-like array of cognitive and communal qualities. As references here and elsewhere convey, it could appear as if an independent, common cognitive and social repertoire extends through life’s evolutionary fauna and flora from the earliest neural occasion to our nascent personsphere. Animal Consciousness. wp.nyu.edu/consciousness/animal-consciousness. The website for a conference held at New York University in November 2017 with an international array of scientists and philosophers such as Eva Jablonka (Abstract next), David Chalmers, Todd Feinberg, Joseph LeDoux, Diana Reiss, Bjorn Merker, and Marian Dawkins. There has been a recent flourishing of scientific and philosophical work on consciousness in non-human animals. This conference will bring together philosophers and scientists to ask questions such as: Are invertebrates conscious? Do fish feel pain? Are non-human mammals self-conscious? How did consciousness evolve? How does research on animal consciousness affect the ethical treatment of animals? What is the impact of animal consciousness upon theories of consciousness and vice versa? What are the best methods for assessing consciousness in non-human animals? (Summary) Consciousness in Human and Non-Human Animals. www.fcmconference.org.. As the proceedings of the Francis Crick Memorial Conference held in July 2012 at the University of Cambridge. Francis Crick (1916-2004), as you know codiscover with James Watson of the DNA double helix, in later decades turned his unique acumen to studies of cognitive sentience. This meeting brought together a leading array of neuroscientists such as Irene Pepperberg, Christoph Koch, Diana Reiss, Ryan Remedios, Jaak Panksepp, along with physicist Stephen Hawking. A typical presentation is “Through the Eyes of an Octopus: An Invertebrate Model for Consciousness Studies” by David Edelman. And a result, a closing “Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness,” excerpted below and which gained much press, (Google for full online), affirmed (or gave scientific blessings to what we all know) that our creaturely companions large and small are much as aware and smart as we. The First Annual Francis Crick Memorial Conference, focusing on "Consciousness in Humans and Non-Human Animals", aims to provide a purely data-driven perspective on the neural correlates of consciousness. The most advanced quantitative techniques for measuring and monitoring consciousness will be presented, with the topics of focus ranging from exploring the properties of neurons deep in the brainstem, to assessing global cerebral function in comatose patients. Model organisms investigated will span the species spectrum from flies to rodents, humans to birds, elephants to dolphins, and will be approached from the viewpoint of three branches of biology: anatomy, physiology, and behavior. Until animals have their own storytellers, humans will always have the most glorious part of the story, and with this proverbial concept in mind, the symposium will address the notion that humans do not alone possess the neurological faculties that constitute consciousness as it is presently understood. , . Schnell, Alexandra, et al. The Inner Lives of Cephalopods. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 63/6, December 2023.. Integrative and Comparative Biology,. 63/6, 2023. In a special section on Cephalopod Science: from Ecology to Cognition, University of Cambridge biopsychologists including Nicola Clayton spell out a respectful, muti-part program going forward which now allows that these highly intelligent, clever beings do possess a deeply sensitive awareness. In more regard, it is now accepted that all manner of great and small vertebrate and otherwise creatures are graced with degrees of cleverness, empathy, foresight that we have just begun to appreciate. See also Cephalopod-omics: Emerging Fields and Technologies in Cephalopod Biology by Tom Baden, et al and Climate-Change Impacts on Cephalopods by Francisco Borges, et al in this segment. The minds of cephalopods have captivated scientists for millennia, yet the extent to which we can understand their subjective experiences remains elusive. In this article, we consider scientific progress towards these insights. We consider three broad research categories about whether soft-bodied cephalopods (octopus, cuttlefish, and squid) have an awareness of self, others, and of time. We argue that investigations, especially framed through the lens of comparative psychology, have the potential to extend our understanding of the inner lives of this extraordinary class of animals. Gunturkun, Onur, et el. Why birds are smart. Trends in Cognitive Science. December, 2023. Ruhr University Bochum, Germany neuropsychologists (search OG) offer a uniquely perceptive explanation of how very minimal CNS brain densities and sizes of Metazon avians are yet capable of intelligent, social, even human-like behaviors. Bird brains are just a few grams in weight. But as the quotes say, the latest neuroscience findings open to new appreciations of neural cognizance. Many cognitive neuroscientists believe that both a large brain and an isocortex are crucial for complex cognition. Yet corvids and parrots possess non-cortical brains of just 1–25 g, and can exhibit cognitive abilities comparable with chimpanzees, who have brains of about 400 g. This paper explores how a cognitive equivalence is yet possible. We propose four features that may be required for complex cognition: a large number of associative pallial neurons, a prefrontal cortex (PFC)-like area, a dense dopaminergic innervation, and neurophysiological fundaments for working memory. These four neural features have convergently evolved and may represent ‘hard to replace’ mechanisms. (Abstract) Agrillo, Christian, et al. Evidence for Two Numerical Systems That Are Similar in Humans and Guppies. PLoS One. Online February 15, 2012. As a result of clever counting experiments with undergraduate students and aquarium fish, University of Padova, and University College of London, neuroscientists find the same cognitive faculties in effect across widely disparate, yet related, species. Our results suggest that two distinct systems underlie quantity discrimination in both humans and fish, implying that the building blocks of uniquely human mathematical abilities may be evolutionarily ancient, dating back to before the divergence of bony fish and tetrapod lineages. Allen, Jenny. Community through Culture from Insects to Whales. BioEssays. Online October, 2019. After some two decades of wide ranging, clever studies, a Griffiths University, Australia environmental philosopher can now aver that a variety of creaturely groupings such as insects, fishes, elephants, and cetaceans are graced by behavioral attributes of cooperative foraging, resource sharing, educating young, many ways to communicate, and so on. While not overly anthropomorphic, a familiar suite of human-like social activities is quite evident. See also, e.g., Cultural Flies by Etienne Danchin, et al in Science (362/1025, 2018) about fruit fly relations. Angier, Natalie. Parrots Are a Lot More Than “Pretty Bird.”. New York Times. March 22, 2016. The Psittaciformes order of parrots, parakeets, macaws and cockatoos never ceases to amaze and inform, as this review of current research conveys. The premier investigator, Irene Pepperberg of Alex the parrot fame, advises that they are “feathered primates,” just as relatively intelligent and creative. By virtue of their clever food gathering, tool making, articulate calls, mimic skill, and group sociality, it would seems that such a behavioral complex similar to human cultures will evolve and develop wherever it possibly can. Anthes, Emily. Cold-Blooded Does Not Mean Stupid. New York Times. November 19, 2013. A Science Times report on how smart and foxy mammals are, which goes on to findings by Duke University’s Manuel Leal that all manner of reptiles – lizards, turtles, snakes - have similar acumens for navigational skills, problem solving to get food, learning through observation, along with social strategies. Anthes, Emily. Why Did the Chicken Cross the Barn? To Sign Up for Scientific Study. New Yortk times. November 22, 2022. And a growing body of research suggests that domestic species are brainy beings: Chickens can anticipate the future, goats appear to solicit help from humans, and pigs may pick up on one another’s emotions. Farm Sanctuary, which was founded in 1986, has always held that farm animals are sentient beings, even referring to its feathered and four-legged residents as “people.” “They have their own desires, and their own wants and preferences and needs, and their own inner lives — the same way that human people do,” said Lauri Torgerson-White, the sanctuary’s director of research. Aplin, Lucy. Culture and Cultural Evolution in Birds. Animal Behavior. Online June, 2018. A zoologist with dual postings at MPI Ornithology and Oxford University describes novel ways that along with a comparable cognitive acumen of individual creatures, animal groupings of many foraging and migratory kinds are being found to possess external, accumulated social mores. Social learning from the observation of knowledgeable individuals can allow behaviours, skills and techniques to spread across populations and transmit between generations, potentially leading to emergent cultures. An increasing body of research has not only evidenced the occurrence of cultural behaviour in nonhuman animals, but also hypothesized that such cultures could ‘evolve’ over time in a way that shares key characteristics with biological evolution, including through a process of selection on variance, inheritance and adaptation. Outside of humans, song and contact calls in birds provide by far the most comprehensive evidence for culture and cultural evolution. I discuss the evidence in birds for four key concepts of cultural evolution: (1) variation, selection, inheritance, (2) adaptation, (3) geographical and demographic processes and (4) the accumulation of modifications. (Abstract excerpt) Arhem, Peter and Hans Liljenstrom. On the Coevolution of Cognition and Consciousness. Journal of Theoretical Biology. 187/601, 1997. An advocacy of the parallel increase of brain complexity and sentient mind. We suggest that cognition, that is knowledge processing mediated by a centralized nervous system, shows the same principal features as non-neural adaptive processes. Similarly, consciousness can be said to appear, to different degrees, at different stages in evolution. (610) Avital, Eytan and Eva Jablonka. Animal Traditions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. A contribution to the incipient witness of culture in primates and mammals, which introduces a new domain of behavioral inheritance to supplant molecular genetic effects alone.
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 Next
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
HOME |
TABLE OF CONTENTS |
Introduction |
GENESIS VISION |
LEARNING PLANET |
ORGANIC UNIVERSE |