Recent Additions: New and Updated Entries in the Past 60 Days
Displaying entries 1 through 15 of 67 found.

Beiro, Mariano, et al. Signs of Criticality in Social Explosions. arXiv:2305.01944. University of Buenos Aires, Singapore University of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Complexity Science Hub Vienna (Stefan Thurner) and International Valencian University, Spain systems theorists describe a unique, extensive project which has found that even this hyper-active, multi-faceted public intensity tends toward, exhibits and is distinguished a self-organized ciriticalities which endow near-optimum communicative conditions.

The success of an on-line movement could be defined by a shift to off-line street actions of protests. One may view these macro-behaviors as spontaneous interactions, which will give rise to common simplifications on several statistics. Here, we go on to observe of signs of criticality in such dynamic public demonstrations. Namely, the same power-law exponents are found whenever the distributions are calculated, either due to the same windows-time or the number of hashtags. By means of network arrays, we show that the systems take on two correlations with high or low values of modularity. The importance of analysing systems near a critical point is that any small disturbance can escalate and induce large-scale -- nationwide -- chain reactions. (Abstract excerpt)

Ciaunica, Anna, et al. Nested Selves: Self-Organization and Shared Markov Blankets in Prenatal Development in Humans.. PsyArixiv Preprints, May 2023. We review this post by AC, University of Lisbon, Michael Levin, Tufts University, Fernando Rosas, University of Sussex, and Karl Friston, University College London (search each) as they move on to a unique perception that life’s embryonic stage can be rightly viewed as a self-organizing process. Into 2023, this occasion becomes evident within a biological self-making milieu and a newly fertile physical basis. So once more, along with Autorino and Petridou, a true evolutionary gestation takes credence as a genesis synthesis.

The immune system is a central component of organismic function in humans. This paper addresses self-organisation of a biological system in relation to — and nested within — an other biological system in pregnancy. Indeed, the hierarchical relationship in pregnancy reflects an earlier autopoietic process in the embryo by which the number of individuals in a single blastoderm is determined by cell-cell interactions. Specifically, we consider the role of the immune system in biological self-organisation in addition to neural/brain systems that furnish us with a sense of self. In pregnancy, two immune systems need to exchange resources and information to maintain viable self-regulation of nested systems. We then propose mechanisms that scaffold tise complex relationship through the lens of the Active Inference, with a focus on shared Markov blankets. (Abstract excerpt))

Rispoli, Matthew, et al. Quantum Critical Behavior at the Many-Body Localization Transition. arXiv:1812.06959. We cite this 2018 entry by Harvard physicists in Spring 2023 as an example of how some five years later their early witness of this phenomenal behavior has become robustly evident, as this section documents. As the PediaPedia Earthica section next continues, as the spiral of science to a global sapiensphere with her/his own findings and knowledge, the present moment and advance can be appreciated as convergent synthesis and discovery.

Phase transitions are driven by collective fluctuations of a system's constituents that emerge at a critical point. This mechanism has been extensively explored for classical and quantum systems in equilibrium, whose critical behavior is described by a general theory of phase transitions. Our results unify the system's microscopic structure with its macroscopic quantum critical behavior, and they provide an essential step towards understanding criticality and universality in non-equilibrium systems. (Excerpt)

Our Planatural Edition: A 21st Century PhiloSophia, Earthropo Ecosmic PediaVersion

Cornish-Bowden, Athel and Maria Cardenas. The Essence of Life Revisited. Theory in Biosciences. 141/2, 2022. We locate this entry by Aix Marseille University, CNRS biotheorists amongst various current endeavors to consider and maybe resolve the deepest issue of something more or nothing else. It opens with past views of inevitability or randomness, e,g, Jacques Monod vs. Christian deDuve, and onto how a understandings of an evident catalytic self-organization form life origin could reveal a natural emergence. The authors ask whether novel theoretical bases can lead to an answer, which seems to involve a finesse of both motive agencies and post happenings. See also, e.g., Emergence, Construction or Unlikely? by Stuart Bartlett and Michael Wong at arXiv:2303.08018 for more wonderings.

Safron, Adam, et al. Making and Breaking Symmetries in Mind and Life. Interface Focus. April, 2023. Johns Hopkins University, SUNY Stony Brook, McGill University, Monash University and Tufts University (Michael Levin) introduce and edit an eclectic collection as a thematic essence that mindful behaviors provide a heretofore undervalued formative force. A broad sample of entries include Reflections on the Asymmetry of Causation by Jenann Ismael; On Bayesian Mechanics: A Physics of and by Beliefs by Maxwell Ramstead, et al; Embodied cognitive morphogenesis as a route to intelligent systems by Bradley Alicea, et al, As Without, So Within: How the Brain’s Temporal-Spatial Alignment Shapes Consciousness by Georg Northoff, et al; Emergence of common concepts, symmetries and conformity in agent groups by Marco Moller and Daniel Polani.

Symmetries appear throughout the natural world, making them important in our quest to understand the world around us.. The study of symmetries is so fundamental to mathematics and physics that one might ask where else it proves useful. This theme issue poses the question: what does the study of symmetry, and symmetry breaking, have to offer for the study of life and the mind? (Excerpt)

Scharf, Caleb and Olaf Witkowski. Rebuilding the Habitable Zone from the Bottom Up with Computational Zones. arXiv:2303.16111. CS is now at NASA Goddard (see below, search) and OW is a University of Tokyo astrobiologist who introduce and exercise an array of novel insights about an essential nature of life and beingness, broadly conceived, so as to better find, perceive and understand. We offer these several quotes.

Computation, if treated as a set of physical processes that act on information represented by states of matter, encompasses biological, digital and other phases, and may be a fundamental measure of living systems. The opportunity for biological computation, via the propagation and selection-driven evolution of information-carrying organic molecular structures, has so far been applied to planetary habitable zones with conditions such as temperature and liquid water. Here a general concept is proposed by way of three features: capacity, energy, and substrate. (Excerpt)

Computational zones (CZ) are a natural generalization of the idea of habitable zones and can combine traditional approaches to habitability: including factors such as the liquid water HZ, free energy availability, elemental and chemical availability, historical contingency and the preexistence of living systems. Furthermore, while the classical notion of habitability is largely a ‘yes’ or ’no’ environmental division, computational zones may be almost indefinitely extensible, but will be modulated by energy availability and energy efficiency, along with total computational capacity as a property of the conditions of matter. (3-4; for example)

Shifting focus towards the piecewise processes of matter involved with life, articulated as computation, offers a natural way to move beyond the traditional concept of an astrophysical (or geophysical) habitable zone, towards a more universal and predictive framework. (22) Computation is robust yet constrained in our universe. Understanding and quantifying those constraints through the computational zones approach proposed in this paper may provide new clarity in the search for living systems, even in the event of them taking very different form. (23)

Caleb Scharf received his B.Sc. in physics from Durham University, and his Ph.D. in astronomy from the University of Cambridge. He did postdoctoral work in X-ray observational cosmology at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center and the Space Telescope Science Institute in Maryland. For some years he was at Columbia University and director of the Columbia Astrobiology Center. In 2022 he returned to NASA as a Senior Scientist for Astrobiology at the Ames Research Center.

Pedia Sapiens: A Planetary Progeny Comes to Her/His Own Actual Factual Knowledge

Dai, Zhenyu, et al.. Physics-informed neural networks in the recreation of hydrodynamic simulations from dark matter. arXiv:2303.14090. Here is another 2023 instance whereby our Earthkinder cosmological studies are shifting and rising to a global genius phase, but properly by our human guidance. As the quotes say, in this plane, University of Houston, University of Edinburgh and University of the Western Cape, RSA astrotheorists appear to have awesome abilities to explore and learn about all wide and deep reaches

Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) have become a vital framework for predictive models that combine statistical patterns with domain knowledge. Hydrodynamic simulations are a core constituent of modern cosmology, but the computations are time-consuming. This paper presents the first application of physics-informed neural networks to baryons by combining advances in algorithmic architectures. By extracting baryonic properties from cosmological simulations, our results have improved accuracy based on dark matter haloes, metallicity relations, and scatter distributions. (Abstract excerpt)

The ΛCDM model, coined the standard model of cosmology due to its widespread adoption and explanatory power, plays a crucial role in modern cosmology and astrophysics. Galaxy formation evolution occur within virialized structures resulting from density perturbations in the early Universe, subjected to gravitational collapse. This leads to large-scale structure in
the form of a cosmic web evolving from a somewhat smooth starting
point, with dark matter halos as gravitationally bound over densities of the postulated main contributor to the matter content of the Universe. (1)

Our experiments demonstrate that PINNs as a revolutionary endeavor, offer a way to directly uncover novel baryonic properties and inform galactic dark matter halos. As such, they can be used to complete cosmological N-body simulations based on full hydrodynamic simulation suites. Our present framework is applicable to large-scale cosmological simulations and contributes to the use of modern machine learning in astrophysics. (13)

Bubeck, Sebastien, et al. Sparks of Artificial General Intelligence: Early Experiments with GPT-4. arXiv:2303.12712. We cite this entry by fourteen Microsoft Research, Redmond computer scientists because into this year its 155 pages of intense technical content is seen as an exemplary working resource as these undefined, unlimited capacities unfold. As readers know, a plethora of uses and misuses burst upon us each day. In regard, the AI field is so vast that it tends to cover a wide array of neural net algorithm aided usages from reading medical and scientific (genetic, cosmic) data all the way to novel, unruly ChatGPT versions, which no one yet seems to comprehend or have under any control. I suggest a post herein What Is a Large Language Model, the Tech Behind ChatGPT? (Muehmel) as an entry point.

Manyika, James, ed. AI & Society. Daedulus. Spring, 2022. A timely, dedicated survey with entries like If We Succeed by Stuart Russell, A Golden Decade of Deep Learning by Jeffrey Dean, Language & Coding Creativity by Ermira Murati, and Signs Taken for Wonders: AI. Art & the Matter of Race by Michele Elam.

AI is transforming our relationships with technology and with others, our senses of self, as well as our approaches to health care, banking, democracy, and the courts. But while AI in its many forms has become ubiquitous and its benefits to society and the individual have grown, its impacts are varied. Concerns about its unintended effects and misuses have become paramount in conversations about the successful integration of AI in society. This volume explores the many facets of artificial intelligence: its technology, its potential futures, its effects on labor and the economy, its relationship with inequalities, its role in law and governance, its challenges to national security, and what it says about us as humans. (Issue review)

Mitchell, Melanie. What Does It Mean to Align AI with Human Values? Quanta. December 12, 2022. In the midst of the current burst of advances (chatGPT) and algorithm concerns, the Santa Fe Institute complexity professor updates her prior attentions to this looming issue. For example see her 2019 work Artificial Intelligence: A Guide for Thinking Humans (Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 2019)

What Is a Large Language Model, the Tech Behind ChatGPT?. blog.dataiku.com/large-language-model-chatgpt. This is a tutorial posted by Dataiku, a global AI service group, which may approach a succinct, general explanation. Sections such as A Large Language Model is a Type of Neural Network, An LLM uses a Transformer Architecture, An LLM Builds Itself, and LLMs Produce Text that Sounds Right but Cannot Know that it is Right recite how these databases are composed. But one wonders who chooses the book, article, website info already on the Internet, what is the basis guide, for what certain application, and so on. Is it a personal eLibrarian, but one that can’t be trusted. At my wife’s Baystate Medical Center library in the 20210s I would see physicians search for relevant subject information – what is the difference, how do these “LLMs” know better?

Watson, Richard and Michael Levin. : The Collective Intelligence of Evolution and Development. Collective Intelligence. May, 2023. The University of Southampton computer scientist and the Tufts University polybiologist (search each) join a decade of their innovative studies so to span life’s newly appreciated scalar, processional emergence with an especial emphasis on a cerebral advance via proactive behavior. See the Intelligence Evolution and Vital Knowledge Gain section in Chap. VI for prior studies in support of this 2023 integral panorama. As a consequence, a steady, nested recurrence from a minimum cognition all the way to our global sapience (as this new journal and section records) can now sketch a universal, invariant sequence of group size collectivity of better neural net brains, enhanced cognizance and accumulated knowledge.

In significant regard, some twenty years since this annotated anthology by way of a novel worldwise personsphere can receive its whole scale evident veracity. See also Bioelectric Netwoks: The Cognitive Glue Enabling Evolutionary Scaling from Physiology to Mind by Michael Levin in Animal Cognition (May 2023) for a companion essay.

Collective and individual intelligence are usually considered to be fundamentally different. An individual mode occurs in organisms with certain neural faculties evolved by natural selection to enable cerebral experience that benefit fitness. Collective intelligence, in contrast, has often been an ambiguous debate. Here, we use examples from a consistent evolutionary and developmental morphogenesis to argue for and expand existing models of individual cognition and learning as a framework for collective intelligence, such as connectionist aspects by way of neural networks. We discuss how specific features of these models inform the necessary and sufficient conditions for collective intelligence, and identify current knowledge gaps as opportunities for future research. (Abstract excerpt)

All individuals are collective: They are made of parts that used to be individuals themselves. This is true not only for multicellular organisms derived from unicellular ancestors but also for eukaryotic cells with multiple organelles arising from bacterial ancestors, and for simpler cells that contain the first chromosomes arising from the union of previously free-living self-replicating molecules.(2)

All intelligences are collectives: Individual intelligence, in the familiar guise of a central nervous system or a brain, arises from the interaction of many unintelligent components (neurons) arranged in the right organisation with the right connections. This is the foundation of connectionism; that intelligence resides not in the individual parts but in the arrangement of the connections between them. (2)

Organisms as collective intelligences: All organisms by way of development and basal cognition are collectives at multiple levels: from active molecules in a cell, to cells in a multicellular tissue, to a whole soma self. What makes these anatomy and physiology assemblies become a multicellularity is their intelligence – their degree of competency in solving novel problems. The processes of development are the substrate of this intelligence – the “glue” that makes the whole more than the sum of the parts. (4)

Commonalities between cognitive and evolutionary processes and those that shape growth and form have been hinted at in the past. We argue that conceptual advances in the links between machine learning and evolution now provide quantitative formalisms with which to begin to develop testable models of collective intelligence across life’s scalar stages. From subcellular processes to cellular swarms during morphogenesis to ecological dynamics on evolutionary timescales – all these processes are driven by a sequence of reward dynamics that bind subunits into higher wholes that better navigate, survive and learn. (15)

Galesic, Mirta, et al. Beyond Collective Intelligence: Collective Adaptation.. Journal of the Royal Society: Interface. March, 2023. Twenty senior biobehaviorists from the USA, Austria, Denmark, Germany, the UK including Dora Biro, Robert Goldstone and Alex Mesoudi identify and explain how all manner of animal groupings across life’s long evolution occur due a deep propensity to not only become smarter, but to enhance this fitness by such communal unities. These latest, salient findings are then braced by vivid graphics and 300 references.

Ecosmos: A Revolutionary Fertile, Habitable, Solar-Bioplanet Incubator Lifescape

Yang, Yi and Xiaodong Song. Multidecadal Variation of the Earth’s Inner-Core Rotation. Nature Geoscience. January, 2023. In a paper that became science news, Institute of Theoretical and Applied Geophysics, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University researchers describe a wide array of deep findings to report that the inner core of our planet is not static but moves and turns within a predictable cycle. However as a philosophical view, isn’t it incredible that some billions of years on, an evolved, emergent worldwise observant capacity can quantify itself. What then might our verdant globe be, who are we sapient folks to be able to do this, and for what purpose?

Differential rotation of Earth’s inner core relative to the mantle is thought to occur due to geodynamo effects on core dynamics and gravitational core–mantle coupling. This rotation occurs due to temporal changes of repeated seismic waves that should traverse the same path through the inner core. Here we analyse seismic waves from the 1990s and show that previous temporal fkuxes have ceased over the past decade. This global pattern suggests that inner-core rotation has recently paused. For example, we also studied Alaskan seismic records to 1964 which revealed a turning-back of the inner core as a part of a seven-decade oscillation. (Excerpt).

Dupuy, Alexandra and Helene Courtois. Watersheds of the Universe: Laniakea and Five Newcomers in the Neighborhood. arXiv:2305.02339. Korea Institute for Advanced Study and Claude Bernard University, Lyon astronomers (search HC) post an expanded model of their brave “cosmography” project as the latest telescopes find how galactic clusters move around to arrive at these celestial displays. And as one may view in this paper it seems much akin to the past continental movements on Earth.

This article updates the dynamical cosmography of the Local Universe within 1 giga light-years by way of the gravitational velocity field computed using the CosmicFlows-4 catalog. With this resource, galaxy distances to delineate superclusters seen as watersheds by their size, shape, main streams of matter and their central attractor. Laniakea, our home supercluster, along with five more are now revealed: Apus, Hercules, Lepus, Perseus-Pisces and (Harlow) Shapley. Interestingly these hugh formations are an order of magnitude larger than the theoretical ones predicted by cosmological ΛCDM simulations. (Excerpt)

Cosmography is the science that maps and measures the large scale structures in the observed Universe that are built from the tug of war between gravitation and space expansion. Mapping the position and spatial extents of clusters, filaments, walls, superclusters and voids of galaxies is most frequently and more easily done using the Hubble-Lemaître law on redshift datasets. However, such positions and sizes are distorted by the local gravitational velocity field that curves clusters of galaxies and elongates them radially to the observer. Several methodologies are developed to counter these distortions that will be dominant as bigger and bigger datasets arrive. (1)

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