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III. Ecosmos: A Revolutionary Fertile, Habitable, Solar-Bioplanet, Incubator LifescapeE. Systems Cosmology: Fractal SpaceTimeMatter Wang, Yi and Robert Brandenberger. Scale-Invariant Fluctuations from Galilean Genesis. arXiv:1007.0027. Posted June 2012, McGill University physicists take up the work of Paolo Creminelli, et al, Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, posted October 2010 (search arXiv) to glean further insights upon a fractal cosmos. We include both Abstracts. “Inflation on Trial” by Alexandra Witze in Science News for July 25, 2012 reports on these 21st century revisions of the 1980s and 1990s instant inflation theories. We study the spectrum of cosmological fluctuations in scenarios such as Galilean Genesis in which a spectator scalar field acquires a scale-invariant spectrum of perturbations during an early phase which asymptotes in the far past to Minkowski space-time. In the case of minimal coupling to gravity and standard scalar field Lagrangian, the induced curvature fluctuations depend quadratically on the spectator field and are hence non-scale-invariant and highly non-Gaussian. We show that if higher dimensional operators are considered, a linear coupling between background and spectator field fluctuations is induced which leads to scale-invariant and Gaussian curvature fluctuations. (Wang, Brandenberger) Watkins, Nicholas, et al. 25 Years of Self-Organized Criticality. Space Science Reviews. Online Summer, 2015. The document is also at arXiv:1504.04991. It is a consummate paper to be published in a special retrospective issue along with Marcus Aschwanden, et al, 25 Years of SOC: Space and Laboratory Plasmas (search), James McAteer, et al, 25 Years of SOC: Numerical Detection, and other articles. As the Aschwanden posting explains, the once and future review stems from a series of International Space Science Institute workshops. In accord with a 2015 emergent synthesis of constant work and progress since the 1980s, across these widest natural domains is affirmed a robust “ubiquity, universality, generality” (26). See also a commentary on the work SOC Revisited by Mark Buchanan in Nature Physics for June 2015. Introduced by the late Per Bak and his colleagues, self-organized criticality (SOC) has been one of the most stimulating concepts to come out of statistical mechanics and condensed matter theory in the last few decades, and has played a significant role in the development of complexity science. SOC, and more generally fractals and power laws, have attracted much comment, ranging from the very positive to the polemical. The other papers in this special issue showcase the considerable body of observations in solar, magnetospheric and fusion plasma inspired by the SOC idea, and expose the fertile role the new paradigm has played in approaches to modeling and understanding multiscale plasma instabilities. This very broad impact, and the necessary process of adapting a scientific hypothesis to the conditions of a given physical system, has meant that SOC as studied in these fields has sometimes differed significantly from the definition originally given by its creators. One aim of the present review is to address the dichotomy between the great reception SOC has received in some areas, and its shortcomings, as they became manifest in the controversies it triggered. Our article tries to clear up what we think are misunderstandings of SOC in fields more remote from its origins in statistical mechanics, condensed matter and dynamical systems by revisiting Bak, Tang and Wiesenfeld's original papers. (Abstract) Wei, Zong-Wen, et al. Renormalization and Small-World Model of Fractal Quantum Repeater Networks. Nature Scientific Reports. 3/1222, 2013. Hangzhou Normal University, and University of Science and Technology of China, system physicists achieve a number of syntheses in this innovative paper. Traditional statistical mechanics is melded with nonlinear science to join renormalization theories with dynamic scale-free networks. By this approach, even quantum depths can be found to contain and express the same complex, self-similar system phenomena as everywhere else in nature and society. Such a novel, holistic vista can even more reveal and implicate, albeit in arcane terms than beg translation, an independent, creative, universal source. Quantum networks provide access to exchange of quantum information. The primary task of quantum networks is to distribute entanglement between remote nodes. Although quantum repeater protocol enables long distance entanglement distribution, it has been restricted to one-dimensional linear network. Here we develop a general framework that allows application of quantum repeater protocol to arbitrary quantum repeater networks with fractal structure. Entanglement distribution across such networks is mapped to renormalization. Furthermore, we demonstrate that logarithmical times of recursive such renormalization transformations can trigger fractal to small-world transition, where a scalable quantum small-world network is achieved. Our result provides new insight into quantum repeater theory towards realistic construction of large-scale quantum networks. (Abstract) Weil, Melinda and Ralph Pudritz. Cosmological Evolution of Supergiant Star-Forming Clouds. The Astrophysical Journal. 556/164, 2001. Galaxies form into hierarchical clusters due to a “robust power-law mass spectrum.” Wen, Xiao-Gang. Zoo of Quantum-Topological Phases of Matter. arXiv:1610.03911. The MIT physicist and author has engaged this field for some years (check his publications page) and was interviewed by Natalie Wolchover for her 2018 Quanta report above which displays a “Periodic Table of Phases” that Wen conceived. This paper advances the 2010s turn in condensed matter physics from material and energetic aspects to realize that nature’s quantum realm is equally distinguished by innate geometric formations, which seem to arrange in an orderly way. We quote a full paragraph to convey its content. What are topological phases of matter? First, they are phases of matter at zero temperature. Second, they have a non-zero energy gap for the excitations above the ground state. Third, they are disordered liquids that seem have no feature. But those disordered liquids actually can have rich patterns of many-body entanglement representing new kinds of order. This paper will give a simple introduction and a brief survey of topological phases of matter. We will first discuss topological phases that have topological order (ie with long range entanglement). Then we will cover topological phases that have no topological order. (Abstract) Zhou, Yuan-Wu, et al. Multifractal and Complex Network Analyses of Protein Molecular Dynamics. arXiv:1403.4719. As the Abstract excerpts note, Xiangtan University, Hunan, and Queens University of Technology, Brisbane, researchers find nature’s universal self-similarity to be equally present in this vital class of intricate biomolecules. Based on protein molecular dynamics, we analyze fractal properties of energy, pressure and volume time series using the multifractal detrended fluctuations analysis (MF-DFA); and investigate the topological and multifractal properties of their visibility graph (complex network) representations. The energy terms of proteins we considered are bonded potential, angle potential, dihedral potential, improper potential, kinetic energy, Van der Waals potential, electrostatic potential, total energy and potential energy. Results of MF-DFA show that these time series are multifractal. Results of complex networks analysis based on visibility graph algorithm show that these visibility graphs are exponential. Our numerical results of multifractal analysis of the visibility graphs show that multifractality exists in these networks. (Abstract)
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