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VII. Our Earthuman Ascent: A Major Evolutionary Transition in Twndividuality

3. Planetary Physiosphere: Anatomics, Economics, Urbanomics

Rosser, J. Barkley. Complex Evolutionary Dynamics in Urban-Regional and Ecologic-Economic Systems. Berlin: Springer, 2011. The James Madison University mathematical economist has pioneered the reconception of cities and commerce from linear equilibrium models to a theoretical sense of their innate organic development and livelihood. For example, Chapter Section 4.3 Self-Organizing Regional Morphogenesis contains 4.3.3 A Fractal Synergesis – that is to say, biotas, villages, and neighborhoods are alive and well. Rosser deosn’t say something is going on by itself, as if from an independent source, but achieves a significant revision of biosphere and econosphere in terms of living systems science.

Current economic theory largely depends upon assuming that the world is fundamentally continuous. However, an increasing amount of economic research has been done using approaches that allow for discontinuities such as catastrophe theory, chaos theory, synergetics, and fractal geometry. The spread of such approaches across a variety of disciplines of thought has constituted a virtual intellectual revolution in recent years. This book reviews the applications of these approaches in various subdisciplines of economics and draws upon past economic thinkers to develop an integrated view of economics as a whole from the perspective of inherent discontinuity. (Publisher)

Rozenfeld, Hernan, et al. Laws of Population Growth. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105/18702, 2008. An international team that includes Michael Batty and Eugene Stanley propose a new “City Clustering Algorithm” which improves on prior methods for gauging urban densities. As a result, an underlying dynamics can be assessed, which: “…suggest the existence of scale-invariant growth mechanisms acting at different geographical scales.”

Samanidou, E., et al. Agent-based Models of Financial Markets. Reports on Progress in Physics. 70/3, 2007. A universal scaling-law appears in stock trade activity similar to many other multi-agent systems.

Samaniego, Horacio and Melanie Moses. Cities as Organisms: Allometric Scaling of Urban Road Networks. Journal of Transport and Land Use. 1/1, 2008. Universidad Austral de Chile and University of New Mexico systems scientists apply recent Metabolic Scaling Theories that hold for unicellular and multicellular metazoans to human neighborhood and metropolitan settlements and find a strong, correspondent similarity. The same optimum, nonlinear, fractal, physiological networks necessarily grace both nested, disparate realms. However might we learn to avail ourselves to thusly reinhabit the world as a viable homeostatic, multi-social protocellular organism?

Just as the cardiovascular network distributes energy and materials to cells in an organism, urban road networks distribute energy, materials and people to locations in cities. (21)

Sambrook, Roger and Robert Voss. Fractal Analysis of U.S. Settlement Patterns. Fractals. 9/3, 2001. The same topologies that cluster galaxies apply to the spatial growth of towns and cities.

Samson, Paul and David Pitt. The Biosphere and Noosphere Reader. New York, Routledge, 1999. A well-documented and representative survey of classic and current perceptions of a Gaian unity of life and collective mind.

Schellnhuber, H. J. Earth Systems Analysis and Management. Eckart Ehlers and Thomas Krafft, eds. Understanding the Earth System. Berlin: Springer, 2001. This article takes the perspective of a sentient bioplanet which is on the way to achieving its own surveillance, codification, sustainability, as if it might awaken to self-realization.

Schinckus, Christophe. Introduction to Econophysics. Contemporary Physics. 54/1, 2013. A University of Leicester researcher joins two main approaches in this field which finds affinities across the span from condensed matter to finance and commerce. In regard “agent-based modeling” and “statistical econophysics” avail mutual insights into the dynamic commonalities between universe and human.

Agent-based model is complementary to a strictly statistical perspective of econophysics: on the one hand, a statistical approach gives us a lot of quantatitive information about macro-regularities observed in real complex economic systems by contributing to an increasing awareness of statistical properties such as power tails of distributions, temporal scaling of volatility, fractality of time, etc. On the other hand, agent-based modeling provides micro-foundations for the statistical regularities that emerge at the macro-level of the socio-economic systems. (21)

Schlapfer, Markus, et al. The Hidden Universality of Movement in Cities. arXiv:2002.06070. In their analytical studies, SFI, MIT, and ETH Zurich researchers including Geoffrey West report coming upon what seems to be a widely evident mathematical pattern which appears to orient and constrain all manner of urban movements. Our interest then extends to such a finding itself whence “universal, recurrent laws” seem exist at all on their independent own.

The interaction of all mobile species with their environment hinges on movement patterns: the places they visit and how often they go there. For urban areas the dynamic and diverse movement of people affects every aspect of social interactions, disease spreading, infrastructure, productivity, innovation and technology. However, the laws that govern the spatio-temporal structure of movement in cities, and various population flows to specific locations have remained elusive. Here we show that behind the apparent complexity, a simple universal scaling relation drives the flow of individuals to any location based on frequency of visitation and distance travelled. We demonstrate that population flows obey this theoretical prediction from Europe and America to Asia and Africa. (Abstract excerpt)

Schweitzer, Frank and Dirk Helbing, eds. Economic Dynamics from the Physics Point of View. Physica A. 287/2, 2000. A special issue to convey that statistical physics which studies the “non-linear interactions of a large number of elements” can equally apply to and describe social activities such as markets and politics. As another version of a Complex Adaptive System, the same scaling and power laws are present everywhere.

Sen, Parongama and Bikas Chakrabarti. Sociophysics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014. University of Calcutta and Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics scholars achieve a broad introduction to this widely removed integration whence human activities can be joined with and explained by deep principles such as phase transitions, criticality, and fractal percolations. Typical chapters are Opinion Formation in a Society, Of Flocks, Flows and Transports, and Social Phenomena on Complex Networks.

This book discusses the study and analysis of the physical aspects of social systems and models, inspired by the analogy with familiar models of physical systems and possible applications of statistical physics tools. Unlike the traditional analysis of the physics of macroscopic many-body or condensed matter systems, which is now an established and mature subject, the upsurge in the physical analysis and modelling of social systems, which are clearly many-body dynamical systems, is a recent phenomenon. Though the major developments in sociophysics have taken place only recently, the earliest attempts of proposing "Social Physics" as a discipline are more than one and a half centuries old. Various developments in the mainstream physics of condensed matter systems have inspired and induced the recent growth of sociophysical analysis and models.

Sharma, Kiran, et al. A Complex Network Analysis of Ethnic Conflicts and Human Rights Violations. Nature Scientific Reports. 7/8283, 2017. A seven person team from the School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, and TCS Research, New Delhi, quantify how even such seemingly chaotic, violent, awful events can yet be found to manifestly exhibit common mathematical forms.

News reports in media contain records of a wide range of socio-economic and political events in time. Using a publicly available, large digital database of news records, and aggregating them over time, we study the network of ethnic conflicts and human rights violations. Complex network analyses of the events and the involved actors provide important insights on the engaging actors, groups, establishments and sometimes nations, pointing at their long range effect over space and time. We find power law decays in distributions of actor mentions, co-actor mentions and degrees and dominance of influential actors and groups. Most influential actors or groups form a giant connected component which grows in time, and is expected to encompass all actors globally in the long run. We demonstrate how targeted removal of actors may help stop spreading unruly events. We study the cause-effect relation between types of events, and our quantitative analysis confirm that ethnic conflicts lead to human rights violations, while it does not support the converse. (Abstract)

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