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IV. Ecosmomics: Independent, UniVersal, Complex Network Systems and a Genetic Code-Script SourceAmaral, L. and J. Ottino. Augmenting the Framework for the Study of Complex Systems. European Physics Journal B. 38/2, 2004. An introduction to a special issue on the ubiquitous presence of scale-free dynamic networks from food webs and epidemics to neural phenomena and especially the worldwide Internet. In this regard a generic definition of complex systems is attempted, see the quote below. These elemental units and interactions then self-organize into a universal, nested self-similarity. A complex system is a system with a large number of elements, building blocks or agents, capable of interacting with each other and with their environment. The common characteristic of all complex systems is that they display organization without any external organizing being applied. The whole is much more than the sum of its parts. (148) Anderson, Philip. More Is Different - One More Time. N. Phuan Ong and Ravin Bhatt, eds. More Is Different. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001. The Nobel laureate physicist revisits his landmark 1967 paper which helped turn science from a fixation on subatomic domains to the complexity revolution. The actual universe is the consequence of layer upon layer of emergence, and the concepts and laws necessary to understand it are as complicated, subtle and, in some cases, as universal as anything the particle folks are likely to come up with. (7) Anderson, Philip, et al, eds. Downward Causation. Arrhus, Denmark: Arrhus University Press, 2000. Papers that explore how self-organizing, agent-based systems lead to an increasing influence by ‘higher,’ more consciously informed levels, over lower or prior stages, which is present from physical theory to literary genres.
Araujo, Nuno, et al..
Steering Self-Organization through Confinement.
arXiv:2204.10059.
This entry is a composite synopsis of a June 2021, Leiden University Lorentz Center workshop on the title topic, which can serve as an overview of the 21st century scientific revolution to date. Some 29 attendees from Europe and the USA included Liesbeth Janssen, Simon Garnier, and Audrey Dussutour. A novel agenda went on to consider how certain system boundaries can have a formative effect on this dynamic development process. As the quotes allude, from our late vantage, the broad field of complexity studies over 50 years (which this site seeks to report) can be seen as a singular, WorldWise revolutionary endeavor which is just coming a convergent, self-similar synthesis from uniVerse to wumanVerse.
Artime, Oriol and Manilo De Domenico. From the Origin of Life to Pandemics: Emergent Phenomena in Complex Systems.. Royal Society Proceedings A. May, 2022. After an historic and topical survey, as the Abstract notes, the University of Padua biophilosophers consider spontaneous appearances from quantum/classical physical realms to life’s evolutionary development and onto social occasions. In each case mathematical principles, criticality phases and complex, dynamic network are seen to have a central role. Some entries are Emergence and Algorithmic Information by P. Abrahao and H. Zenil, Emergence of Functional Information from Multivariate Correlations by C. Adami and C. Nitash, and Emergent Entanglement and Self-Similarity in Quantum Spin Chains by B. Sokolov, et al. Into the 2020s, a strongly evidential presence of consistent universality can be glimpsed from universe to us peoples. When a large number of similar entities interact among each other and with their environment at a lower phase, unexpected outcomes at higher spatio-temporal scales might spontaneously arise. This nontrivial phenomenon, known as emergence, characterizes a broad range of distinct complex systems -- from physical to biological and social ones -- and is often related to collective behavior. It is ubiquitous from oscillators that synchronize to animate birds flocking or fish schooling. Despite the ample phenomenological evidence of their existence, theoretical questions about emergence remain still unanswered. We offer a general overview and sketch current and future challenges. Our review also introduces this Theme Issue "Emergent phenomena in complex physical and socio-technical systems: from cells to societies", which covers the state of our understandings from life’s origins to the expansive propagation of infectious diseases. (Abstract excerpt) Aschwanden, Markus, et al. Order Out of Randomness: Self-Organization Processes in Astrophysics. arXiv:1708.03394. Reviewed at length in Systems Cosmology, this is an 18 author, 97 page treatise which could be seen as a premier affirmation of an inherently nonlinear, lively, complexifying cosmic genesis. Ashtiani, Minoo, et al. A System Survey of Centrality Measures for Protein-Protein Interaction Networks. BMC Systems Biology. 12/80, 2018. Our interest in this entry by bioinformatic theorists with postings in Iran and Germany is to record in 2018 how this biochemical domain can be treated by the same multiplex geometries as neural brains. In reflective regard, we peoples may at last be able to confirm the natural presence from quantum and genomic to cerebral and cosmic realms of a node/link, DNA/AND, universe to human image. Numerous centrality measures have been introduced to identify “central” nodes in large networks. The availability of a wide range of measures for ranking influential nodes leaves the user to decide which measure may best suit the analysis of a given network. The choice of a suitable measure is furthermore complicated by the impact of the network topology on ranking influential nodes by centrality measures. To approach this problem systematically, we examined the centrality profile of nodes of yeast protein-protein interaction networks (PPINs) in order to detect which centrality measure is succeeding in predicting influential proteins. We studied how different topological network features are reflected in a large set of commonly used centrality measures. (Abstract) Auffray, Charles, et al. Self-organized Living Systems. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A. 361/1125, 2003. After centuries of the reductionist method which identified the components of nature, a new biosystemic paradigm is recommended which can integrate the relational dynamics of living entities and processes. In this view, biology is a science of information in a hierarchical flux, formed by a creative balance between order and chaos. Azpeitia, Eugenio, et al. Cauliflower Fractal Forms Arise from Perturbations of Floral Gene Networks. Science. 373/192, 2021. A cover image entry by a 14 member biomathematician team with postings in France, Italy, UK, USA, and Spain which further quantifies nature’s innate iterations in kind which serve to form and express such vital geometries. Their novel contribution is to associate their artistry with a genetic source. One is moved again to ask however (whomever) did all this mathematic scriptome get there in the first place. See also Cauliflower and Chaos, Fractals in Every Floret by Sabrina Imbler in the New York Times for July 9, 2021. Throughout development, plant meristems regularly produce organs in defined spiral, opposite, or whorl patterns. Cauliflowers present an unusual organ arrangement with a multitude of spirals nested over a wide range of scales. How such a fractal, self-similar organization emerges from developmental mechanisms has remained elusive. Combining experimental analyses in an Arabidopsis thaliana cauliflower-like mutant with modeling, we found that curd self-similarity arises because the meristems fail to form flowers but keep the “memory” of their transient passage in a floral state. This study reveals how fractal-like forms may emerge from the combination of key, defined perturbations of floral developmental programs and growth dynamics. (Abstract)
Bak, Per.
How Nature Works.
New York: Springer,
1996.
The late Danish systems scientist provides a succinct account of self-organized criticality poised between order and chaos, a theory which he originated. Balaban, Valeriu, et al. Quantifying Emergence and Self-Organization of Enterobacter cloacae Microbial Communities. Nature Scientific Reports. 8/12416, 2018. Amongst a flurry of 2018 papers, University of Southern California bioengineers including Paul Bogdan (search) show how nature’s universal complexities are iconically manifest in this prokaryote phase. Once again, a generic process is observed as active, informed agents emerge into complex, modular, nested networks with a collective intelligence. See also Multi-fractal Characterization of Bacterial Swimming Dynamics by this group (Hana Koorehdavoudi, et al) in Proceedings of the Royal Society A (473/2017.0154). From microbial communities to cancer cells, many such complex collectives embody emergent and self-organising behaviour. Such behaviour drives cells to develop composite features such as formation of aggregates or expression of specific genes as a result of cell-cell interactions within a cell population. Currently, we lack universal mathematical tools for analysing the collective behaviour of biological swarms. To address this, we propose a framework to measure the degree of emergence and self-organisation from scarce spatial data and apply it to investigate the evolution of Enterobacter cloacae aggregates. Multifractal analysis was used to characterise these patterns and calculate dynamics changes in emergence and self-organisation within the bacterial population. (Abstract excerpt) Ball, Philip. The New Math of How Large-Scale Order Emerges. Quanta. June 10, 2024. The polymath British science writer provides an update survey as complexity theorists get closer to explaining how many local interactive entities (neurons, birds, people) can give rise to predictable global formations. The current work of Jim Critchfield, Fernando Rosas, Anil Seth (search each) and others is profiled with an especial notice of Software in the natural world by F. Rosas, et al (arXiv:2402.09090). See also Dynamical independence: Discovering emergent macroscopic processes in complex dynamical systems by L Barnett and A. Seth in Phys. Rev. E (108/014304, 2023) and Evolving reservoir computers reveals bidirectional coupling between predictive power and emergent dynamics by Hanna Tolle, et al at arXiv:2406.19201. Rosas’ framework could help complex systems researchers see when they can and can’t hope to develop predictive coarse-grained models. When a system meets the key requirement of being computationally closed, “you don’t lose any faithfulness by simulating the upper levels and neglecting the lower levels,” he said. But ultimately Rosas hopes an approach like his might answer some deep questions about the structure of the universe — why, for example, life seems to exist only at scales intermediate between the atomic and the galactic. (PB)
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