III. Ecosmos: A Revolutionary Fertile, Habitable, Solar-Bioplanet, Incubator Lifescape

1. Quantum Organics in the 21st Century

Heyl, Markus. Dynamical Quantum Phase Transitions. Reports on Progress in Physics. 81/5, 2018. We post this paper by a MPI Physics of Complex Systems theorist as an example, of not yet widely appreciated 21st century revisions amongst studies of this fundamental domain. While it retains an older strangeness, this deepest strata has become treatable as dynamic, nonlinear phenomena similar to everywhere else in macro-classical realms. All of which augurs for an imminent, seamless synthesis, for example see Probing Quantum Features of Photosynthetic Organisms at arXiv:1711.06485 (Krisnanda).

Quantum theory provides an extensive framework for the description of the equilibrium properties of quantum matter. Yet experiments in quantum simulators have now opened up a route towards the generation of quantum states beyond this equilibrium paradigm. While these states promise to show properties not constrained by equilibrium principles, such as the equal a priori probability of the microcanonical ensemble, identifying the general properties of nonequilibrium quantum dynamics remains a major challenge, especially in view of the lack of conventional concepts such as free energies. The theory of dynamical quantum phase transitions attempts to identify such general principles by lifting the concept of phase transitions to coherent quantum real-time evolution. This review provides a pedagogical introduction to this field. (Abstract)

Heylighen, Francis. Entanglement, Symmetry Breaking and Collapse: Correspondences between Quantum and Self-Organizing Dynamics. hecco.vub.ac.be/?q=node/21. This is a Working Paper by the ECCO Evolution, Complexity & Cognition Group director, based at the Free University of Brussels. A full edition is online at its website. In regard, it achieves a rare contrast of these two prime but heretofore unrelated scientific fields and approaches unto a dynamically creative natural genesis. As this merger unfolds, a need is to blend and clarify the different terms that each uses. Looking ahead, complex adaptive systems of interacting agents ought to find affinities with quantum arcana because each is really trying to describe the same phenomena. Although not specifically cited, a tendency for quantum systems to be in some indeterminate superposition state, which is neither one thing or its opposite (3) seems quite akin to complex self-organized criticalities.

Huang, Hsin-Yuan and Richard Kueng. Predicting Features of Quantum Systems using Classical Shadows. arXiv:1908.08909. We cite this paper by CalTech mathematical physicists as a 2019 example of how, while a mindset of intractable strangeness still holds, quantum phenomena has become widely treatable as and interchangeable with macro-matter dynamic complexities.

Predicting features of complex, large-scale quantum systems is essential to the characterization and engineering of quantum architectures. We present an efficient approach for predicting a large number of linear features using classical shadows obtained from very few quantum measurements. This sampling rate is completely independent of the system size and saturates fundamental lower bounds from information theory. These highlight advantages compared to existing machine learning approaches. (Abstract excerpt)

Ijjas, Anna and Paul Steinhardt. A New Kind of Cyclic Universe. arXiv:1904.08022. The Harvard and Princeton astrophysicist team continues their theoretical finesse of a spatial and temporal series of cosmoses which seems to occur without original inflationary events. We also note as an example of how clever, collaborative human persons on a minute bioworld can be able to altogether quantify and consider entire universes. See later postings at 2006.04999 and 2006.01172 which merited a Quanta report Big Bounce Simulations Challenge the Big Bang by Charles Wood. (August 4, 2020). See an update Entropy, Black Holes and the New Cyclic Universe at 2108.07101. Anna Ijjas is now at the MPI for Gravitational Physics.

Combining intervals of ekpyrotic (ultra-slow) contraction with a (non-singular) classical bounce naturally leads to a novel cyclic theory of the universe in which the Hubble parameter, energy density and temperature oscillate periodically, but the scale factor grows by an exponential factor from one cycle to the next. The resulting cosmology not only resolves the homogeneity, isotropy, flatness and monopole problems and generates a nearly scale invariant spectrum of density perturbations, but it also addresses a number of age-old cosmological issues that big bang inflationary cosmology does not. There may also be wider-ranging implications for fundamental physics, black holes and quantum measurement. (Abstract)

First, the new cyclic theory resolves the homogeneity, isotropy, flatness, and monopole problems and generates a nearly scale-invariant spectrum of primordial adiabatic, gaussian density fluctuations without requiring special initial conditions or triggering the kind of quantum runaway that leads to the multiverse effect. Second, the density perturbations are generated without producing a primordial spectrum of tensor fluctuations, a combination that is in agreement with current observations. Third, the evolution of the universe is described to leading order by classical equations of motion at every stage. (1)

Ippoliti, Xiao, et al. Observation of Time-Crystalline Eigenstate Order on a Quantum Processor. arXiv:2107.13571. We cite this posting by some 100 coauthors across the USA in association with Google Quantum AI as an exemplary instance of a 21st century Quantum Organics revolution as this once arcane domain becomes treatable as any “classical” complex, network system. (By so doing both phases now meld and inform each other.) A further aspect would be the degree to which collective Earthuman sapience seems able to delve into any depth (and breadth) of an encoded ecosmic reality, so as to begin and continue on to a new, second cocreative genesis.

Quantum many-body systems display rich phase structure in their low-temperature states. However, much of nature is not in thermal equilibrium. Remarkably, it was recently predicted that out-of-equilibrium systems can exhibit novel dynamical phases such as the discrete time crystal (DTC). These active states can occur in periodic many-body systems by way of an eigenstate-order. As a result, the entire many-body spectrum exhibits quantum correlations and long-range order. Here we describe the typical spatiotemporal response of a DTC for generic initial states. These results establish a scalable approach to study non-equilibrium phases of matter on current quantum processors. (Abstract excerpt)

jaeger, Gregg, et al. Second Quantum Revolution: Foundational Questions. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A. 375/20160397, 2016. GJ, Boston University, Andrei Khrennikov, Linnaeus University, Sweden and Paolo Perinotti, University of Pavia, Italy introduce a special issue to survey this 21st century and 2010s conceptual frontier. Some papers are Quantum-like Dynamics Applied to Cognition, Contexuality in Canonical Systems, and Quantum Potentiality Revisited. See also The Second Quantum Revolution: Challenges of Molecular Chemistry by Matteo Atzori and Roberta Sessoli in the Journal of the American Chemical Society (141/29, 2019) for another use of this phrase.

Recent theoretical and experimental successes in quantum physics are considered by many to be forging a second quantum revolution. These successes clearly indicate that important quantum technological improvements are on the way. However, many important foundational issues in quantum theory have not yet been clearly resolved, e.g. the quantum measurement problem, the justification of the application of the quantum formalism for macroscopic systems, the possibility of going beyond quantum theory, quantum non-locality, the relativistic treatment of entanglement and an indisputable understanding of the probabilistic structure of Bell's argument.

Jia, Ding. Correlational Quantum Theory. arXiv:2001.03142. We cite this entry by a University of Waterloo doctoral student also associated with the Perimeter Institute for novel views of how this field might continue to advance, as the quotes say. His implication of a correlative organic cosmos would serve to bridge once and future millennia. A further notice is an employ of the “qudit” term to represent higher level combinations (search) above two “qubits.”

A correlational dialect is introduced within the quantum theory language to give a unified treatment of finite-dimensional informational/operational quantum theories, infinite-dimensional quantum field theories, and quantum gravity. Theories are written in terms of correlation diagrams which specify correlation types and strengths. Feynman diagrams emerge as topological classes of correlation diagrams without any perturbative considerations. The correlational formalism is applied in a study of correlation constraints, revealing new classes of quantum processes that evade previous characterizations of general quantum processes including quantum causal structure. (Abstract)

Quantum theory has gone through several phases of evolution. It started as the quantum mechanics of particles, and as a theory of fields. More recently the quantum theory of information has been on the rise. Will the future reveal yet new phases of quantum phenomena? Our vision is that besides particles, fields, and bits (dits), correlations should also be used as a fundamental concept in constructing quantum theories. Generally, we understand quantum correlation as anything that is mediated and has a quantifiable strength in a quantum theory. As such correlations transcend the distinction between particles and fields, which both involve mediated quantifiable correlations, and go beyond qubits, which are limited to finite dimensions). (1)

Qudit: The unit of quantum information described by a superposition of d states, where d is an integer greater than two; the generalization to base d of a qubit. (Wiktionary)

Jiang, Jinzhe, et al. Strong generalization in quantum neural networks.. Quantum Information Processing. Vol. 22. Art 428, 2023. We cite this entry by nine Inspur Electronic Information Industry Co., Jinan, China engineers as an example of how generic neural net algorithms can easily be applied to quantum phenomena. An observation might then be how similar, Rosetta ecosmos-like, whence all these procedures can be readily interchanged.

Generalization is an important feature of neural networks (Nns) as it indicates their ability to predict new and unknown data. However, classical Nns tend to overfit due to their nonlinear character, which limits generalizations. Our method combines quantum computing with Nns so to form quantum neural networks (Qnn). We show that Qnns perform almost the same on the training dataset and test dataset without overfitting. To validate our proposal, we simulate three Qnn models on public datasets and demonstrate that they have much better generalizations than classical Nns. (Excerpt)

Kirchner, Stefan, et al. Colloquium: Heavy-electron Quantum Criticality and Single-particle Spectroscopy. Reviews of Modern Physics. 92/011002, 2020. A seven person international effort from Zhejiang University, Vienna University, MPI Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Los Alamos National Laboratory, and Rice University, TX provides deeply technical excursion through these newly open frontiers where strong signatures of critically poised states can again be found. For specific case, they appear in ytterbium, rhenium, silicon compositions and other complex chemicals, that is to say, innately throughout material nature.

Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) have become indispensable tools in the study of correlated quantum materials. Both probe complementary aspects of the single-particle excitation spectrum. ARPES and STM can study the electronic Green’s function, a central object of many-body theory. This review focuses on heavy-electron quantum criticality, especially the role of Kondo destruction. Particular emphasis is placed on the question of how to distinguish between the signatures of the initial onset of hybridization-gap formation, which characterizes the low-energy physics and, hence, the nature of quantum criticality. (Abstract excerpt)

I. QUANTUM CRITICALITY: Quantum phase transitions occur at zero temperature and like their finite temperature counterparts, they can be either first order or continuous. In contrast to the finite temperature case where thermal fluctuations drive the transition, quantum fluctuations, encoded already at the Hamiltonian level, are responsible for the occurrence of a quantum phase transition. If the transition is continuous, characteristic, critical scaling ensues in its vicinity which reflects the singular correlations of the ground state wave function. (3)

Kremen, Anna, et al. Imaging Quantum Fluctuations near Criticality. Nature Physics. December, 2018. We note this paper by Bar Ilan, Israel, Ohio State, and North Dakota University researchers for its frontier content and because it suggests a systemic tendency to reach a critical point.

A quantum phase transition (QPT) occurs between two competing phases of matter at zero temperature, driven by quantum fluctuations. Although the presence of these fluctuations is well established, they have not been locally imaged in space, and their dynamics has not been studied so far. We use a scanning superconducting quantum interference device to image fluctuations near the QPT from a superconductor to an insulator. We find fluctuations of the diamagnetic response in both space and time that survive well below the transition temperature, demonstrating their quantum nature. The lateral dimension of these fluctuations grows towards criticality, offering a new measurable length scale. This paves a new route for future quantum information applications. (Abstract)

Kreula, Juha, et al. Few-Qubit Quantum-Classical Simulation of Strongly Correlated Lattice Fermions. EPJ Quantum Technology. Online August, 2016. Oxford University and University of the Basque Country physicists press the frontiers of human inquires into nature’s basic realms to deeply understand, so as to take up and over a new matter-energy, space-time, information knowledge, genesis creation. See also Non-linear Quantum-Classical Scheme to Simulate Non-equilibrium Strongly Correlated Fermionic Many-body Dynamics by this group in Nature Scientific Reports (6/32940). We cite both Abstracts, and introduce this new European Physics Journal online edition.

We study a proof-of-principle example of the recently proposed hybrid quantum-classical simulation of strongly correlated fermion models in the thermodynamic limit. In a ‘two-site’ dynamical mean-field theory (DMFT) approach we reduce the Hubbard model to an effective impurity model subject to self-consistency conditions. The resulting minimal two-site representation of the non-linear hybrid setup involves four qubits implementing the impurity problem, plus an ancilla qubit on which all measurements are performed. We outline a possible implementation with superconducting circuits feasible with near-future technology. (EPJ Abstract)

We propose a non-linear, hybrid quantum-classical scheme for simulating non-equilibrium dynamics of strongly correlated fermions described by the Hubbard model in a Bethe lattice in the thermodynamic limit. Our scheme implements non-equilibrium dynamical mean field theory (DMFT) and uses a digital quantum simulator to solve a quantum impurity problem whose parameters are iterated to self-consistency via a classically computed feedback loop where quantum gate errors can be partly accounted for. (NSR Abstract)

EPJ QT Aims and Scope Driven by advances in technology and experimental capability, the last decade has seen the emergence of quantum technology: a new praxis for controlling the quantum world. It is now possible to engineer complex, multi-component systems that merge the once distinct fields of quantum optics and condensed matter physics. Topics can include: Quantum measurement, complex systems, networks, cellular automata, electro & opto-mechanical systems, nanorobotics, information, communication, computation, thermodynamics, metamaterials, biology, sensing, and hybrid systems.

Laughlin, Robert. Self-Organization of Matter. http://large.stanford.edu/rbl/lectures/index.htm. A slide presentation of the Nobel laureate physicist’s conception of a different, emergent universe which is not referable to or mediated by a bottom “theory of everything.” By shifting one’s perspective toward what and whom nature can create, a dynamic materiality able to organize itself into an increasing animate complexity is revealed. Rather than a quantum arbiter down “there,” the same universal pattern and process is found “everywhere.” Also noted in Current Vistas.

The true origin of these rules is the tendency of natural systems to organize themselves according to collective principles. Many phenomena in nature are like pointillist paintings. Observing the fine details yields nothing but meaningless fact. To correctly understand the painting one must step back and view it as a whole. In this situation a huge number of imperfect details can add up to larger entities of great perfection. We call this effect in the physical world emergence. (Slide 3)

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