II. Pedia Sapiens: A Planetary Progeny Comes to Her/His Own Actual Factual Knowledge

C. Earth Learns: Interactive Person/Planet, Self-Organizing, Daily Collaboratiions

Singh, Chakresh and Shivakumar Jolad. Structure and Evolution of Indian Physics Co-authorship Networks. arXiv:1801.05400. By virtue of our 2010s global Internet communication, Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar, researchers are able to review the past century of Indian physicist publications in American Physical Society journals. By this vista, an intrinsic presence of power law topologies becomes evident. May we then retrospectively imagine the ongoing worldwide formation of a global brain, and consequent collaborative learning endeavor?

Sloman, Steven and Philip Fernbach. The Knowledge Illusion: Why We Never Think Alone. New York: Riverhead Books, 2017. Steven Sloman is a professor of cognitive, linguistic, and psychological sciences at Brown University, and editor in chief of the journal Cognition. Philip Fernbach is a cognitive scientist and professor of marketing at the University of Colorado’s Leeds School of Business. We note because the popular book is a well-argued and referenced advocacy of an informative collective, public repository that we individuals both contribute to while drawing from it. A persons is not an isolate, walking oracle, rather we would do well to fully realize and avail this communal, worldwide capacity.

We all think we know more than we actually do. How have we achieved so much despite understanding so little? Cognitive scientists Steven Sloman and Philip Fernbach argue that we survive and thrive despite our mental shortcomings because we live in a rich community of knowledge. The key to our intelligence lies in the people and things around us. We’re constantly drawing on information and expertise stored outside our heads: in our bodies, our environment, our possessions, and the community with which we interact—and usually we don’t even realize we’re doing it. The fundamentally communal nature of intelligence and knowledge explains why we often assume we know more than we really do, why political opinions and false beliefs are so hard to change, and why individually oriented approaches to education and management frequently fail. This book contends that true genius can be found in the ways we create intelligence using the world around us.

Smart, Paul. The Web-Extended Mind. Metaphilosophy. 43/4, 2012. In a special issue Toward a Philosophy of the Web, a University of Southampton, UK, computer scientist advises that we surely need an overview and oversight for this burgeoning technological envelope and cognitive presence. In regard, a proper avail and reach of the “extended mind hypothesis” (search Andy Clark, Richard Menary), that as such social beings, human cognition seems to take place beyond bodily brains, to its present worldwide Internet scale ought to provide a good basis.

This article attempts to explore the notion of the Web-extended mind. It first provides an overview of cognitive extensions and the extended mind hypothesis, and it then goes on to discuss the possibility of Web-based forms of cognitive extension involving current or near-future technologies. It is argued that while current forms of the Web may not be particularly suited to the realization of Web-extended minds, new forms of user interaction technology as well as new approaches to information representation on the Web provide promising new opportunities for Web-based forms of cognitive extension. (447)

Sole, Ricard, et al. Synthetic Collective Intelligence. BioSystems. Online February, 2016. A six member team of Barcelona systems theorists including Salva Duran-Nebreda extol how the major transitions scale reveals life’s evolution as a persistent self-organizational of a societal cognizance from microbes onto us. Akin to Sole’s 2016 SFI Working Paper on Synthetic Transitions (search), a definitive course, via divisions of labor, toward emergent, nonlinear, multistable neural capabilities is robustly evident.

Intelligent systems have emerged in our biosphere in different contexts and achieving different levels of complexity. The requirement of communication in a social context has been in all cases a determinant. The human brain, probably co-evolving with language, is an exceedingly successful example. Similarly, social insects complex collective decisions emerge from information exchanges between many agents. Computational models and embodied versions using non-living systems have been used to explore the potentiality of collective intelligence. Here we suggest a novel approach to the problem grounded in the genetic engineering of unicellular systems, which can be modified in order to interact, store memories or adapt to external stimuli in collective ways. What we label as Synthetic Swarm Intelligence defines a parallel approach to the evolution of computation and swarm intelligence and allows to explore potential embodied scenarios for decision making at the microscale. (Abstract)

Sperber, Dan, ed. Metarepresentations. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. Conference papers which explore the concept and presence of a collectively embodied and stored knowledge.

Spivack, Nova. Collective Intelligence 2.0. www.mindingtheplanet.net. A January 24, 2006 posting which proposes the development of a Internet Metaweb as a globally self-aware, cerebral faculty capable of learning in its own. Its common, palliative knowledge would then be immediately accessible to everyone. By intentionally facilitating such a cognitive capability, even a memory and thought process, an interactive, salutary realm of a “collective mind of humanity” emerges over the earth. The website is also a portal for the visionary concepts of Nova Spivack, a web innovator, entrepreneur and grandson of Peter Drucker.

By providing such a service, we can catalyze the evolution of higher-order meta-intelligence on this plane – the next step in human evolution. Creating this system is a grand cultural project of profound social value to all people on earth, now and in the future. (3)

Stahl, Gerry. Group Cognition: Computer Support for Building Collaborative Knowledge. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2006. A study of technological and social/educational configurations to facilitate group meaning making, and at the same time are valuable to the individual learner.

Staley, David. Brain, Mind and Internet: A Deep History and Future. Basingstake, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. An Ohio State University historian situates this latest worldwide faculty and repository of composite knowledge and culture into the long course of its human cognitive achievement. By this expansive view, new continuities and distinctions come into place. Prior expressions of an extended cerebral capacity for symbolic storage since prehistory are surveyed from Andy Clark, David Chalmers, Colin Renfrew to Merlin Donald and others. Similar to a personal brain, a passage from an initial visually associative, analogical phase to a textual linear and logical mode spans the Internet and augurs for their bicameral synthesis. In this vista, a tablet device may at last fulfill the dream of an encyclopedic resource whence all spatial and temporal learning is available at once to everyone.

Steels, Luc. Semiotic Dynamics for Embodied Agents. IEEE Intelligent Systems. 21/3, 2006. An article in a special issue on The Future of Artificial Intelligence provides another intimation of the nascent presence of a collaborative mindkind beginning to learn and know on its own.

Semiotic dynamics builds on many earlier AI developments: the insights into and technologies of semantic networks and knowledge representation from the seventies, the ideas on embodiment and grounding from the late eighties, and the perspective of multiagent systems from the nineties. But all these aspects join together into a new vision on intelligence, with the social, collective dynamics of representation-making at the center. These new AI developments don’t stand in isolation; they resonate with recent developments in linguistics, psychology, and the mathematical study of networks. (32)

Sterelny, Kim. The Evolution and Evolvability of Culture. Mind & Language. 21/2, 2006. The Australian philosopher considers how “cognitive capital” and collective group knowledge came to socially evolve, coalesce, and function.

Stone, Diane. Introduction: Global Knowledge and Advocacy Networks. Global Networks. 2/1, 2002. A special issue of this new journal which addresses the worldwide profusion of knowledge and how it might be of social utility.

Sulis, William. Collective Intelligence. Guastello, Stephen, et al, eds. Chaos and Complexity in Psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009. The McMaster University psychologist and director of its Collective Intelligence Laboratory provides a tutorial for nascent local and global cognition.

Collective intelligence refers to collective behavior that is stably correlated with ecologically meaningful features of the environment, salient for the survival of the collective, adaptive to changes in the environment, and that transcends the capability of any single member of the collective. (41) It is quite fair to say that the fields of complex adaptive systems (CAS), and to a lesser extent nonlinear dynamical systems (NDS) and the field of collective intelligence have coevolved in a mutually beneficial manner. (65)

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