V. Life's Corporeal Evolution Develops, Encodes and Organizes Itself: An Earthtwinian Genesis Synthesis

3. Cellular Self-Organization and Holobiont Symbiogenesis

Michod, Richard and Aurora Nedelcu. Cooperation and Conflict During the Unicellular-Multicellular and Prokaryotic-Eukaryotic Transitions. Moya, Andres and Enrique Font, eds. Evolution: From Molecules to Ecosystems. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. In these basic stages, a general progression is discerned from a competitive interaction of components onto increasing cooperative mediation, which leads to the emergence of a whole entity. In so doing, a new evolutionary level of individuality is achieved.

Misteli, Tom. Concepts in Nuclear Architecture. BioEssays. 27/5, 2005. The active cell nucleus is a non-random array of genomic functions as a result of its constant self-organization.

Central to self-organizing systems is the high dynamic content and a relative promiscuity of interactions among components. The recent observations of the dynamics of numerous nuclear proteins in living cells clearly supports both of these premises. (483) The auto-reinforcing behavior of self-organizing systems may contribute greatly to the overall stability of nuclear structure and the functional status of the genome but, at the same time, the transient nature of virtually all protein-protein and protein-chromatin interactions may also poise the system for rapid change in response to external stimuli. Thus, the dynamic, self-organized, nature of nuclear organization is a fundamental, functionally essential property of the cell. (483)

Misteli, Tom. The Concept of Self-organization in Cellular Architecture. Journal of Cell Biology. 155/2, 2001. The paradigm shift to perceive the living cell as a dynamic, non-equilibrium concatenation of interacting components both in the cytoskeleton and other compartments and in the nucleus itself.

I suggest that self-organization is a more general mechanism for the formation, maintenance, and function of cellular organization that currently anticipated. (181)

Misteli, Tom. The Inner Life of the Genome. Scientific American. February, 2011. A popular article by the National Cancer Institute geneticist which can serve as a capsule of the frontiers of biology. New understandings of the cell nucleus, from his own group and other researchers, identify components, as per the quote, that seem to know what they are doing. While “machinery” and “factory” metaphors are used, it is said that such activities are not mechanically instructed but seem to organize themselves by the active, mutual interests of their constituents. Closer to truth, it increasingly appears that something is going on by itself, if the possibility could even be admitted, and accommodated by a conducive, evidential cosmos that is essentially organic and developmental in kind.

Aided by new 3-D imaging technology that allows us to peer deeper than ever into the living cell, we have discovered a startlingly vibrant ecosystem. In the nucleus, chromosomes physically interact with neighboring chromosomes, genes on those chromosomes migrate to different nuclear locations depending on what they need to accomplish, and molecules that regulate gene activity congregate in bustling hubs. (68) Instead I have proposed that nuclear positioning is self-organizing, somewhat like middle school students forming cliques because they are drawn together by mutual interests, not because they were instructed to associate by parents or teachers. In this view, the location of genes and chromosomes inside the nucleus springs from their activity and is not determined by some external organizing machinery. (72)

Mitchison, Timothy and Christine Field. Self-Organization of Cellular Units. Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology. Volume 37/October, 2021. In this forthcoming volume, Harvard Medical School researchers illustrate the historic paradigm shift within biological science. At present a vested, mechanistic version via natural selection alone, sans any teleological aim, exists side by side with these worldwise perceptions due to this deeper, innate agency. This paper offers an expansive array of real, quantified, instances, see also Tom Misteli for a 21st century chronicle. It is an aim of Natural Genesis to help inform, clear up, untangle and facilitate this overdue resolve. The current conflation could be one reason that vaccines are so misunderstood.

The purpose of this review is to explore self-organizing mechanisms that pattern microtubules (MTs) and spatially organize animal cell cytoplasm. We start with conceptual distinctions between self-organizing and templating mechanisms for subcellular organization. We then discuss how self-organization generates radial MT arrays and cell centers such as autocatalytic MT nucleation. We end by discussing shared mechanisms and principles for the MT-based self-organization of cellular units. (Abstract excerpt)

Moger-Reischer,, R. Z. Evolution of a Minimal Cell. Nature. 620/122, 2023. Nine biologists at the Craig Venter Institute, Indiana University, and ASU, gain new insights into basic cellular facilities by virtue of novel conceptions. See also a review Even Synthetic Life Forms With a Tiny Genome Can Evolve in Quanta on August 10.

Possessing only essential genes, a minimal cell can reveal mechanisms and processes that are critical for the persistence and stability of life1,2. Here we report on how an engineered minimal cell3,4 contends with the forces of evolution compared with the Mycoplasma mycoides non-minimal cell from which it was synthetically derived. Our findings demonstrate that natural selection can rapidly increase the fitness of one of the simplest autonomously growing organisms. Understanding how species with small genomes overcome evolutionary challenges provides vital views into the persistence of host-associated endosymbionts, the stability of streamlined chassis for biotechnology and the targeted refinement of synthetically engineered

Mojica, Nelly Selem, et al. Cellular Bauplans: Evolving Unicellular Forms by Means of Julia Sets and Pickover Biomorphs. BioSystems. 98/1, 2009. Spanish mathematical biologists including Pedro Marijuan propose that computer graphical capabilities (Biomorphs are life-like fractals found by Clifford Pickover) lately allow the perception in cellular realms, similar to archetypal animals, of inherent shapes that will appear prior to any post-selection.

The universe of cellular forms has received scarce attention by mainstream neo-Darwinian views. The possibility that a fundamental trait of biological order may consist upon, or be guided by, developmental processes not completely amenable to natural selection was more akin to previous epochs of biological thought, i.e. the “bauplan” discussion. (19)

Monk, N.A.M. Unravelling Nature’s Networks. Biochemical Society Transactions. 31/6, 2003. A review of new insights into biochemical reactions, cell architecture and metabolism and intercellular processes gained by the application of general complexity and network theories. At this cellular level, the universal properties of hierarchy, modular components and activities, invariance, and so on are in full effect. These approaches inform a promising new phase of research cited as …the post-genomic mission of understanding the cell as a complex dynamical system. (1457)

A prominent feature of biochemical networks is the fact that they appear to be scale-free, such that sub-networks of all sizes have the same statistical properties. A network is classified as scale-free if the distribution of degrees of its nodes (where the degree of a node is the number of edges (links) to/from that node) follows a power law. (1458)
A strong candidate for a central organizational principle is modularity. The existence of modules can be seen on many levels, examples being organelles and signal transduction pathways. (1458)

Moran, Nancy. Symbiosis as an Adaptive Process and Source of Phenotypic Complexity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 104/Supplement 1, 2007. In this instance, a University of Arizona biologist contends that symbiotic unions of mutual aid are rife across organic domains from genomes to societies, as they serve to generate an increasing viable intricacy. This agency on its own, beyond mute mutation, akin to modularity and networking, represents another independent cause of cooperative emergence.

Muro, Enrique, et al. The emergence of eukaryotes as an evolutionary algorithmic phase transition. PNAS. 122/13, 2025. By virtue of new instrumental Universidad Politécnica de Madrid led by Jordi Bascompte can now illume and describe a just how life’s long microbrial age was finally able to merge onward to nucleated cells. As the quotes say, this advance was found to involve a degree of algorithmic computations, along with the symbiotic unions long advocated by Lynn Margulis.

For half the history of life on Earth, the complexity of organisms was limited to prokaryotic cells such as contemporary bacteria. The process by which genes are activated was entirely regulated by proteins. This set up a limit on cellular complexity, as even larger proteins became computationally unfeasible. The eukaryotic cell with its membrane nucleus finally emerged due to a conserved process of gene growth and a change in genetic regulation. This increase in cellular complexity which occurred a relatively abrupt manner opened up the path toward multicellular organisms. (Significance)

The origin of eukaryotes represents one of the main events in evolution since it led to multicellular organisms. Yet, it remains unclear how existing regulatory mechanisms of gene activity were transformed to allow this increase in complexity. Here, we address analyze the length distribution of proteins for 6,000 species across the tree of life. We then found a scale-invariant relationship naturally originates through a multiplicative process of gene growth across the entire evolutionary history. Our results indicate that this original advance was due to an algorithmic phase transition similar to search algorithms involved in engendering larger proteins. (Abstract)

Nalaban, Valeriu, et al. Quantifying Emergence and Self-Organization of Enterobacter cloacae Microbial Communities. Nature Scientific Reports. 8/12416, 2020. We cite this entry by University of Southern California bioengineers as an example of the late 2010s full scale admission of these innate title forces and forms as they serve to distinguish and pervade life’s oriented gestation.

From microbial communities to cancer cells, many complex collectives embody emergent and self-organising behaviour. As a result, cells develop composite features such as formation of aggregates or expression of specific genes due to cell-cell interactions. Currently, we lack a universal mathematics to analyze the collective behaviour of biological swarms. We propose a multifractal inspired framework to measure the degree of emergent self-organisation from scarce spatial data and apply it to evolution of the arrangement of Enterobacter cloacae aggregates. Our method could identify these patterns and dynamics changes within the bacterial population. (Abstract)

Norris, Vic and Robert Root-Bernstein. The Eukaryotic Cell Originated in the Integration and Redistribution of Hyperstructures from Communities of Prokaryotic Cells Based on Molecular Complementarity. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 10/2611, 2009. A University of Rouen biologist and the Michigan State University psychologist expand the main view that cellular life originated due to discrete components such as nucleotides and bacteria alone. Rather, an integrational milieu, an ecological whole system, is in equal existence as it repeatedly served to self-organize such entities into this evolutionary procession. Robert Root-Bernstein has pursued this theme for over a decade and here achieves a robust update, see also Alex Hunding, et al, for further confirmation.

In the “ecosystems-first” approach to the origins of life, networks of non-covalent assemblies of molecules (composomes), rather than individual protocells, evolved under the constraints of molecular complementarity. Composomes evolved into the hyperstructures of modern bacteria. We extend the ecosystems-first approach to explain the origin of eukaryotic cells through the integration of mixed populations of bacteria. We suggest that mutualism and symbiosis resulted in cellular mergers entailing the loss of redundant hyperstructures, the uncoupling of transcription and translation, and the emergence of introns and multiple chromosomes. (Abstract 2611)

In order to understand our argument, it is necessary to think of evolution not as the elaboration of individual traits, but as selection for more and more efficient ecologies. Thus, we propose that eukaryotic species did not evolve from elaboration or complexification of individual prokaryotic species, but rather that individual eukaryotic species evolved by integration and simplification from communities of diverse prokaryotes. (2612)

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