III. Ecosmos: A Revolutionary Fertile, Habitable, Solar-Bioplanet, Incubator Lifescape

E. Systems Cosmology: Fractal SpaceTimeMatter

Elbert, Oliver, et al. Core Formation in Dwarf Haloes with Self-Interacting Dark Matter. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 453/1, 2015. A team of astrophysicists from UC Irvine, SciTech Analytics, and Ohio State University, including James Bullock conceiver of the theory, explore implications of a novel view of this ambient materiality which serves to fill out the large-scale cosmic structure. Since a static dark matter did not pass tests, Bullock wondered if it might interact with itself in a similar way as ponderable elements and chemicals, which has since gained credence. These inklings of an actively self-constructing universe compose an August 2015 Quanta Magazine article The Case for Complex Dark Matter.

Ettori, Stefano, et al. From Universal Profiles to Universal Scaling Laws in X-ray Galaxy Clusters. arXiv:2010.04192. Two decades into the 21st century, INAF Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio, Bolonga are able to well quantify the “standard self-similar behavior” of celestial spacescapes. Again it amazes that our individual and collective sapience on an infinitesimal bioworld can altogether yet learn about any infinite reach. Wherever did these intrinsic, non-random, geometries that continue in kind to our own selves actually come from?

As end products of the hierarchical process of cosmic structure formation, galaxy clusters present some predictable properties from astrophysical dissipative processes that show remarkable "universal" behaviour once rescaled by halo mass and redshift. However, a consistent picture that links these profiles and the thermodynamic intracluster medium has to be demonstrated. In this work, we use a semi-analytic model based on a "universal" pressure profile in hydrostatic equilibrium within a cold dark matter halo with a defined relation between mass and concentration to reconstruct the scaling laws between the X-ray properties of galaxy clusters. (Abstract)

Feinstein, Adina, et al. Testing Self-Organized Criticality Across the Main Sequence using Stellar Flares from TESS. arXiv:2109.07011.. University of Chicago, MIT and University of Michigan (Fred Adams) add a latest confirmation of nature’s celestial innate preference to reside at this state of optimum efficiency in every disparate instance.

Stars produce explosive flares, which are believed to be powered by the release of energy stored in coronal magnetic field configurations. It has been shown that solar flares exhibit energy distributions typical of self-organized critical systems. This study applies a novel flare detection technique to data obtained by NASA's TESS mission and identifies ∼106 flaring events on ∼105 stars across spectral types. Our results suggest that magnetic reconnection events that maintain the topology of the magnetic field in a self-organized critical state are ubiquitous among stellar coronae. (Abstract)

While the sand pile analogy is simplistic by construction, self-organized criticality naturally manifests in a variety of physical systems. Applications have been found in hydrodynamical turbulence, forest fires and other percolation systems, landslides, neuroscience, climate fluctuations, rainfall, accretion disks, traffic jams, evolution, extinction, financial markets and even Conway's game of Life, to name a non-comprehensive list. (1)

Ferreira, Pedro, et al. Inflation in a Scale Invariant Universe. arXiv:1802.06069. When this section went online in 2004, only inklings of an inherent similarity across the range of celestial phenomena existed. Into the later 2010s, Oxford University, Fermi NAL, and ETH Zurich theorists, as they delve within global collaborations, can now post a theoretical affirmation. This consistent commonality is braced by a dense mathematics as it reveals a natural cosmos suffused, as tradition long intimated, with an infinite repetition in kind across the parsecs and billennia.

A scale-invariant universe can have a period of accelerated expansion at early times: inflation. We use a frame-invariant approach to calculate inflationary observables in a scale invariant theory of gravity involving two scalar fields - the spectral indices, the tensor to scalar ratio, the level of isocurvature modes and non-Gaussianity. We show that scale symmetry leads to an exact cancellation of isocurvature modes and that, in the scale-symmetry broken phase, this theory is well described by a single scalar field theory. We find the predictions of this theory strongly compatible with current observations. (Abstract)

Fiete, Gregory and Alex de Lozanne. Seeing Quantum Fractals. Science. 327/652, 2010. University of Texas physicists use scanning, tunneling microscopy to discern indications of fractal forms in electronic structures of a magnetic Gallium Arsenide semiconductor, along with novel signs of a self-organized quantum criticality. (see also arXiv:0910.1338)

Fractals actually abound in nature: Galaxies, clouds, mountains, trees, and broccoli are all familiar examples. But fractals can occur in the quantum realm as well, even though they have never been observed, until, perhaps, now. (652)

Figueroa, Daniel, et al. Exact Scale-Invariant Background of Gravitational Waves from Cosmic Defects. Physics Review Letters. 110/101302, 2013. University of Geneva, University of Helsinki, and University of the Basque Country astrophysicists contribute instrumental and mathematical findings of self-ordering celestial processes across the parsecs as they array into nested stratifications which repeat the same phenomena everywhere. With such a scenario, one wonders what kind of universe is able to achieve, billions of years on, on a minute bioplanet, a modicum of its own self-witness, decipherment and description. For whatever purpose might we at some point ask about and awaken to?

We demonstrate that any scaling source in the radiation era produces a background of gravitational waves with an exact scale-invariant power spectrum. Cosmic defects, created after a phase transition in the early universe, are such a scaling source. We emphasize that the result is independent of the topology of the cosmic defects, the order of phase transition, and the nature of the symmetry broken, global or gauged. As an example, using large-scale numerical simulations, we calculate the scale-invariant gravitational wave power spectrum generated by the dynamics of a global O(N) scalar theory. (Abstract)

Fratini, Michela, et al. Scale-free Structural Organization of Oxygen Interstitials in La2CuO4+y.. Nature. 466/481, 2010. Italian and French physicists are able to detect pervasive nonlinear network geometries within this candidate superconducting material. Their innate, spontaneous presence might then be taken to suggest an independent, universal mathematical source.

It is also known that complex systems often have a scale-invariant structural organization, but hitherto none had been found in high-Tc materials. Here we report that the ordering of oxygen interstitials in the La2O2+y spacer layers of La2CuO4+y high-Tc superconductors is characterized by a fractal distribution up to a maximum limiting size of 400 μm. Intriguingly, these fractal distributions of dopants seem to enhance superconductivity at high temperature. (481)

The data also raise the more intriguing question of whether the oxygen defects order on fractal networks because the electrons that form the strange metal constitute a ‘fractal glue,’ perhaps generated as a photographic-like image of the quantum critical charge fluctuations sampled during annealing (at temperatures well within the non-Fermi-liquid regime). (483)

Fujiwara, Noboru. The Scaling Rule for Environmental Organizing Systems in a Gravitational Field. BioSystems. 73/2, 2004. A computer scientist at the Nara Women’s University in Japan finds a constant, proportional relationship from unicellular organisms to humans and on to stellar dimensions. As cosmic and planetary evolution proceeds, it can be qualified by an increase in organized information. Fujiwara’s studies have been periodically published in this journal.

The present paper examines a scaling rule for the relationship between the integrated scaled metabolic energy and the mass of a system for a wide range of masses, from animals to 4He cores of main-sequence stars, considering the effect of gravitational energy. (111)

Fumeron, Sebastian, et al.. Fractional Cosmic Strings.. Classical and Quantum Gravity. 41/2, 2023. A topical paper by a global collaboration of University of Lorraine, France, University of Lisbon and Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, Ecuador astrophysicists which conveys how a celestial scalar self-similarity has now gained a standard acceptance. When this section was first online 20 years ago, the presence of such an invariant structuration was non-existent.

Topological defects in the framework of effective quantum gravity model are investigated, based on the hypothesis of an effective fractal dimension of the universe. This is done by using Caputo fractional derivatives to determine the time-space geometry of a fractional cosmic string. Several results for the propagation of light are discussed, notably the light deviation angle due to the defect and the geodesics of light.

Furtenbacher, Tibor, et al. Simple Molecules as Complex Systems. Nature Scientific Reports. 4/4654, 2014. Hungarian and German chemists, mathematicians, and physicists broach how ubiquitous network phenomena can be extrapolated even to quantum activities. In regard, one lively universe to us, cosmic to civic, similar anatomy and physiology is being deftly filled in. However in this month of May might it dawn that our planetary progeny is discovering a grand new genesis

For individual molecules, quantum mechanics (QM) offers a simple, natural and elegant way to build large-scale complex networks: quantized energy levels are the nodes, allowed transitions among the levels are the links, and transition intensities supply the weights. QM networks are intrinsic properties of molecules and they are characterized experimentally via spectroscopy; thus, realizations of QM networks are called spectroscopic networks (SN). The proposed novel view of high-resolution spectroscopy and the observed degree distributions have important implications: appearance of a core of highly interconnected hubs among the nodes, a generally disassortative connection preference, considerable robustness and error tolerance, and an “ultra-small-world” property. The network-theoretical view of spectroscopy offers a data reduction facility via a minimum-weight spanning tree approach, which can assist high-resolution spectroscopists to improve the efficiency of the assignment of their measured spectra. (Abstract)

Gaite, Jose. Scale Symmetry in the Universe. Symmetry. 12/4, 2020. As noted herein, when this section went online in 2004 only patchy inklings of self-similar cosmic structures could be found. In this essay a Polytechnic University of Madrid physicist (search) can well quantify and install a “multifractal cosmology” in extensive mathematical detail. The celestial reaches which firstly seem vastly opaque are now found to be suffused with a discernible patterning due an infinity of nested repetitions. The atomic quantum depths are likewise graced by a fractal fabric, along with the mesocosmic phases in between. Circa 2020, as a worldwise supermind proceeds to learns by itself, the ancient, tradition sense of an as above, so below correspondence is at last becomes verified and explained.

Scale symmetry is a fundamental symmetry of physics that seems however not to be fully realized in the universe. Here, we focus on the astronomical scales ruled by gravity, where scale symmetry holds and gives rise to a scale invariant distribution of matter, namely a true fractal geometry. A suitable explanation of the fractal cosmic mass distribution is provided by the nonlinear Poisson–Boltzmann–Emden equation. We study the fractal solutions of the equation and connect them with the statistical theory of random multiplicative cascades. The type of multifractal mass distributions so obtained agrees with results from the analysis of cosmological simulations and of observations of the galaxy distribution. (Abstract)

Simply put, if one finds an object of a given size, there must be similar objects of larger size. For example, take a cluster of galaxies; there must be similar superclusters of every possible size. Not surprisingly, the idea of a scale invariant structure of the universe on large scales is old, but its modern formulation had to await the advent of the appropriate description in the form of fractal geometry. Simple fractals are scale invariant and are indeed composed of clusters of clusters of down to the infinitesimally small. Naturally, in the universe, the self-similarity must stop at a scale about the size of galaxies, although it could be limitless towards the large scales, in principle. (1-2)

Gefter, Amanda. Fractal Universe. New Scientist. March 10, 2007. To the proponents of this vision such as Luciano Pietronero of the University of Rome, the latest results of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey of over 50,000 galaxies quite support a self-similar geometry across many scales. But from another mathematical approach, David Hogg of New York University finds a homogeneity across their span of 400 million light years. His worry is that relativistic physics would be in peril because it cannot explain how these iterative structures would arise. (An interesting note is included about initial indications that dark matter, which makes up some 85% of the cosmos, also appears to take on a fractal array.) These discussions reflect an inability of the 20th century particulate emphasis, albeit a necessary stage, to appreciate complex, self-organizing phenomena because they lie outside their model and survey.

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